Introduction
The rulers of Vijayanagara Empire (1335-1565 AD) combined the features of the Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas, and Chalukyas architectural styles. They were also influenced by the Indo-Islamic style of Bijapur.
Characteristics of Vijayanagara Architecture
- Foundation: Founded in 1336 CE, Vijayanagara, the ‘city of victory,’ drew international travelers like Niccolo di Conti, Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz, Duarte Barbosa, and Abd al-Razzaq, who provided vivid accounts of the city.
- Provida Style: Though often characterized as Dravida style, it had its own distinct features. This new style of architecture is called the Provida style.
- Blending of Style: Vijayanagara architecture synthesized Dravida temple architecture with Islamic styles from neighboring sultanates.
- Fusion Period: The ruins from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries reflect a period of cultural fusion, wealth, and exploration.
- Cultural Continuity: The Vijayanagara architecture embodies a synthesis of centuries-old traditions with occasional foreign influences.
- Gopurams were built on all sides and were in several storied pyramidal structures. Larger and taller Gopurams are known as Raya Gopurams.
- A new structure known as Amman Shrine appeared. Here, the spouse of the chief deity was kept.
- Example: Amman shrine of Hazara temple (Hampi, Karnataka).
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Hazara Temple (Hampi)
- This was probably meant to be used only by the king and his family.
- Sculpted panels on the walls include scenes from the Ramayana.
Virupaksha Temple (Hampi)
- The inscriptions suggest that the earliest shrine, dated to the ninth-tenth centuries, was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara architecture empire.
- The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession.
- This was decorated with delicately carved pillars.
- He is also credited with the construction of the eastern gopuram.
Vitthala Temple (Hampi)
- The principal deity was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu generally worshiped in Maharashtra.
- A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the chariot streets that extend from the temple gopuram in a straight line.
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- The temples were equipped with monolithic rock pillars.
- Numerous mandapas came into existence, and the central mandap came to be known as Kalyana mandap (meant to celebrate divine weddings). [UPSC 2019]
- Secular Features: The concept of secular buildings inside the temple premises was also introduced during this period.
- Examples: Vittalaswami temple complex (Its pillars emit musical notes on tapping), Lotus Mahal (it may have been a council chamber, a place where the king met his advisers), Virupaksha temple and Raghunatha temple at Hampi (Karnataka). [UPSC 2009]
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Conclusion
- Vijayanagara architecture, with its monumental structures and intricate craftsmanship, embodies the cultural and artistic zenith of South India.
- Its legacy continues to awe and inspire visitors worldwide.
April 10, 2024
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