Characteristics of Vijayanagara Architecture

April 10, 2024 8855 0

Introduction

The rulers of Vijayanagara Empire (1335-1565 AD) combined the features of the Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas, and Chalukyas architectural styles. They were also influenced by the Indo-Islamic style of Bijapur.

Characteristics of Vijayanagara Architecture 

  • Foundation: Founded in 1336 CE, Vijayanagara, the ‘city of victory,’ drew international travelers like Niccolo di Conti, Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz, Duarte Barbosa, and Abd al-Razzaq, who provided vivid accounts of the city. 
  • Provida Style: Though often characterized as Dravida style, it had its own distinct features. This new style of architecture is called the Provida style.
  • Blending of Style: Vijayanagara architecture synthesized Dravida temple architecture with Islamic styles from neighboring sultanates.
  • Fusion Period: The ruins from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries reflect a period of cultural fusion, wealth, and exploration.
  • Cultural Continuity: The Vijayanagara architecture embodies a synthesis of centuries-old traditions with occasional foreign influences.
  • Gopurams were built on all sides and were in several storied pyramidal structures. Larger and taller Gopurams are known as Raya Gopurams.
  •  A new structure known as Amman Shrine appeared. Here, the spouse of the chief deity was kept. 
    • Example: Amman shrine of Hazara temple (Hampi, Karnataka).

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Hazara Temple (Hampi)

  • This was probably meant to be used only by the king and his family. 
  • Sculpted panels on the walls include scenes from the Ramayana.

Virupaksha Temple (Hampi)

  • The inscriptions suggest that the earliest shrine, dated to the ninth-tenth centuries, was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara architecture empire. 
  • The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession. 
    • This was decorated with delicately carved pillars. 
    • He is also credited with the construction of the eastern gopuram. 

Vitthala Temple (Hampi)

  • The principal deity was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu generally worshiped in Maharashtra. 
  • A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the chariot streets that extend from the temple gopuram in a straight line. 
  • The temples were equipped with monolithic rock pillars.
  • Numerous mandapas came into existence, and the central mandap came to be known as Kalyana mandap (meant to celebrate divine weddings). [UPSC 2019]
  • Secular Features: The concept of secular buildings inside the temple premises was also introduced during this period.
    • Examples: Vittalaswami temple complex (Its pillars emit musical notes on tapping), Lotus Mahal (it may have been a council chamber, a place where the king met his advisers), Virupaksha temple and Raghunatha temple at Hampi (Karnataka). [UPSC 2009]

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Conclusion

  • Vijayanagara architecture, with its monumental structures and intricate craftsmanship, embodies the cultural and artistic zenith of South India.
    • Its legacy continues to awe and inspire visitors worldwide.
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