Economy, Society and Administration Under Delhi Sultanate

May 14, 2024 2753 0

During the Delhi Sultanate, the administration was structured with the Sultan at the helm, aided by a council of ministers overseeing various departments. Economic prosperity relied heavily on agriculture and trade, facilitated by advancements in communication and technology. Social life was influenced by a diverse blend of cultural elements, but also marked by divisions and religious discrimination.

An Overview of Delhi Sultanate

Central Administration

  • Council of Ministers: The Sultan was aided in administration by a council of ministers (Majlis-i-Khalwat), personally selected by him and serving at his discretion.
  • Sultans: The sultanate established a Turko-Afghan administrative system in India.
    • Deputies of the Baghdad Caliph: The Sultans considered themselves deputies of the Baghdad Caliph and incorporated the Caliph’s name in their prayers (khutba) and engraved it on their currency. 
    • Succession Instability: The absence of a clear succession policy caused instability and power struggles after the Sultan’s demise.
  • Administrative Departments and Positions as shown in the below table
Naib or Wali Most influential position and oversaw all departments with extended authority.
Diwan-i-wazirat Led the finance department.
Diwan-i-Ariz Defense minister, overseeing military affairs with the Ariz-i-mumalik heading the department, responsible for soldier recruitment.
Diwan-i-Risalat  Headed by the chief Sadr; Department managed religious matters and allocated resources for building and maintaining mosques, tombs, and madrasas.
Qazi Chief Qazi headed the judicial department overseeing Sharia in civil cases. 

Criminal law was based on regulations issued by Sultan. Hindus abided by their personal laws and issues were resolved by village panchayats.

Diwan-i-Insha Managed correspondence, handling all communications between the ruler and officials.
Wakil-i-Dar Maintaining decorum of the court.
Barids Intelligence agents.
Karkhanas They served Sultan’s needs, producing luxurious items like silk and gold and silver ware, and storing rare goods.

 

  • Local Administration in Delhi Sultanate:

    • Iqtas (Provinces): Muqtis (Governor)
    • Shiqs (Districts): Shiqdar
    • Pargana (Blocks): Amil (for collecting revenue) [UPSC 2019]
    • Village (basic unit of administration): Muqaddam or Chaudhari

2. Economy

  • Land revenue was pivotal for the Sultanate’s income, with a substantial population involved in agriculture. Mismanagement hindered optimal agricultural benefits, which were compensated using the spoils and treasures from their extensive conquests.
Land Categorization (three types): 

    • Iqta land: Lands that officials received as iqtas in lieu of payment for their services.
    • Khalisa land: Directly controlled by the Sultan, revenues designated for the royal court and royal household expenses. 
    • Inam land: Land granted to religious leaders or institutions.
    • Agriculture: Food crops, cash crops, fruits, vegetables, and spices were cultivated (account of Ibn Battutah), including sericulture, using techniques like crop rotation, double cropping, three-crop harvesting, and fruit grafting.  Artificial water-lifting devices like the Persian wheel were used.
  • Land Revenue: ranged from one-third to half.
  • Trade: Consolidation of the empire led to the growth of trade with better communication and a stable currency system. The cotton, textile and silk industries experienced significant growth. 
  • Bengal and Gujarat were known for quality fabrics, with Indian textiles popular in China and Gujarat excelling in textiles, gold, and silver works. Sonargao (Bangladesh) was famed for raw silk and muslin. 
  • Communication: Ibn Battuta describes the postal system of two kinds:
    • Uluq: The horse post was run by royal horses stationed at a distance of every four miles.
    • Dawa: The foot-post was at a distance of one-third of a mile.
    • Rest Houses: known as Sarais were maintained along highways for the convenience of travellers.
  • Technological Contributions in the Delhi Sultanate: The Turks introduced new techniques like:
    • Manufacturing of paper (learnt from Chinese).
    • Use of iron stirrups and armour.
    • Introduction of spinning wheels. 
    • Growth of the metallurgical industry.

3. Social Life

  • Cultural Influence on Social Life: Social life during the Delhi Sultanate was influenced by a blend of Islamic, Persian, Central Asian, and Indian cultural elements. 
  • Women: Subordinate position of women – sati; Purdha system which increased female seclusion.
  • Divisions: Caste system in Hindu society; ethnic and racial groups in Muslim society (Turks, Iranians, Afghans, and Indian Muslims) formed distinct groups with limited intermarriage.
  • Religious discrimination: Muslim nobles held high offices while Hindu nobles rarely received significant positions. 
    • Hindus were considered “zimmis” or protected people and were required to pay the jaziya tax.
  • Slavery: Both Male and female slaves were being traded in markets and used for a wide range of tasks, including household chores and skilled labour.
Must Read
Current Affairs Editorial Analysis
Upsc Notes  Upsc Blogs 
NCERT Notes  Free Main Answer Writing

Conclusion

The Delhi Sultanate era was characterized by a complex administrative system, economic growth driven by agriculture and trade, and social dynamics influenced by cultural diversity. However, it was also a period marked by hierarchical divisions, religious discrimination, and the exploitation of slaves, reflecting the complexities of governance and society during that time.

Related Articles 
RISE OF MYSORE (1761-1799) Metallurgic Extraction: Scientific Insights into the Extraction of Metals
Economic Development: Challenges and Goals Explored AGRICULTURE

THE MOST
LEARNING PLATFORM

Learn From India's Best Faculty

      
Quick Revise Now !
AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD SOON
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध
Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

<div class="new-fform">







    </div>

    Subscribe our Newsletter
    Sign up now for our exclusive newsletter and be the first to know about our latest Initiatives, Quality Content, and much more.
    *Promise! We won't spam you.
    Yes! I want to Subscribe.