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Sangam Era: Polity, Economy, Trade and Military

May 9, 2024 1052 0

During the Sangam era in ancient India, society was organized into distinct political and economic structures. The Sangam polity comprised rulers at three levels: Kizhar, Vendar, and Velir, each with their own territories and forms of governance. Economic activities were diverse, with trade, agriculture, and craft production playing crucial roles in generating revenue for the state.

Overview of Sangam Civilization: Polity and Economy

A. Sangam Polity

  • Thinai Classification: reflects varying socio-economic developments in different localities during the Sangam Age.
  • This classification also extended to political forms with three levels of rulers:
Kizhar
  • They were the heads of the villages or a small territory, later known as nadu. They were the chiefs of tribal communities living in specific areas.
Vendar
  • Kings: Controlled larger and fertile territories.
  • Titles: They adopted titles like Kadungo, Imayavaramban, Vanavaramban, and PeruVazhuthi to distinguish themselves from velir and common people.
  • Patron of Art: Kings patronised bards and poets, entertaining them in their courts (avaiyam) to enhance their reputation and glorify their territories.
  • Absolute Powers: He had absolute powers over his subjects. Kings conducted Vedic sacrifices.
  • Succession to Power: Hereditary monarchies didn’t always follow primogeniture for succession.
  • Advisory Committee: King was advised by a committee known as “Aimperunkulu ” which comprised Ministers (Amaichchar), Priests (Anthanar), Generals, Envoys (Dutas or thuthar), and Spies (orrar).
    • He was also advised by the imperial court i.e. Orasavai or Vettavai and court poets.
  • The kings of the Sangam age ruled with different titles, like Vanavaramban, Vanavan, Villavar (Chera rulers), Senni, Valavan and Killi (Chola rulers), Thennavar and Minavar (Pandya rulers).
Velir
  • Velir Dominance: They controlled mainly hilly and forest areas which were located between the Muvendar’s fertile territories.
  • Notable Chiefs: like Athiyaman, Pari, Ay, Evvi, and Irungo ruled resource-rich regions
  • They patronised poets. 
  • Military Might: often clashing and occasionally uniting against the main kings.
  • Satiyaputra (Athiyaman) in Asokan inscription is a Velir chief in Sangam poems.
  • Vattakirutal: A king who was defeated in a battle committed ritual suicide by starving himself to death [UPSC 2023]

B. Sangam Economy

Revenue

  • Trade as Revenue Source: Foreign and domestic trade was an important source of revenue.
  • Custom and Transit Duties: were collected from merchants who moved their goods from place to place.
    • Custom officials functioned in Puhar.
  • Types of Contributions:  The Tamil literature mentions irai and tirai as two types of contributions received by the chieftains. While irai was a regular contribution, tirai was a tribute.
  • Spoils of War as Revenue: Spoils of war were another source of income.
  • Agriculture as a Revenue: Agriculture provided regular income, though the share of King was not specified.
  • Taxation on Highways and Ports: Evidence of taxation is found on highways and in the port of Kaviripattinam.

Agriculture

  • Crops: Produced paddy, ragi and sugarcane.
  • The Tamil region produced grains, fruit, spices (especially pepper) and turmeric.

Craft Production

  • Diverse Craft Production: It includes making Bronze vessels, beads, goldwork, textiles, shell bangles, ornaments, glass, iron smithy, and pottery.
  • Major Urban Centres: for craft production were Arikamedu, Uraiyur, Kanchipuram, Kaviripattinam, Madurai, Korkai, and Pattanam in Kerala.
  • Description of Markets: Maduraikanchi (written by Mangudi Maruthanar) describes day and night markets offering diverse crafted items.

Trade 

  • Barter: was common in trade alongside the use of coins. 
  • Roman Influence in Southern India: Presence of Roman Coins in Coimbatore Hoards

Roman gold and silver coins are found in hoards in southern India, including Coimbatore.

  • Evidence of Long distance trade: Archaeological sites demonstrate long-distance trade, including links to the Roman Empire, Egypt,  Arabia, Malay archipelago and China.
  • Maritime Trade: Early historic ports revealed Roman amphorae, glassware, indicating active maritime trade. 
  • Pottery Inscriptions: indicate non-Tamil-speaking traders in Sangam Age craft centres and towns.
  • Presence of Foreign Artisans: Sangam text “Manimegalai” mentions Magadha artisans, Maratha mechanics, Malva smiths, and Yavana carpenters working with Tamil craftsmen.
  • Trade Terminology: Trade-related terms like vanikan (trader), chattan, and nigama appear in Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions.
  • Umanar: Umanar, or salt merchants, travelled in bullock carts with their families for trade.
  • Chattu: referred to mobile merchants or itinerant traders.
  • Items of Trade: included Ivory, Pearls, precious stones, muslin, silk, cotton cloth etc.

Army

  • State Funding of Military: The state maintained a regular army from the taxes collected from the peasantry.
  • Composition of the Army: It consisted of chariots drawn by oxen, Elephants, cavalry and infantry.
  • Military Ranks: The nobles and princes or captains rode on elephants and the commander rode on chariots.
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Conclusion

The Sangam era was characterized by a complex political landscape with rulers at various levels of authority. Economic activities such as trade, agriculture, and craft production were vital sources of revenue, sustaining both the state and its military apparatus. This period stands as a testament to the richness and diversity of ancient Indian civilization.

Related Articles 
SANGAM AGE – POLITICAL HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA AGRICULTURE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TAXATION IN INDIA: SYSTEMS, EVOLUTION AND IMPACT

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UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
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Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
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