The Peshwas (1713-1818): Architects of Maratha Power and Influence

May 15, 2024 3021 0

The Peshwas, meaning “Foremost Ministers,” played a crucial role in shaping the Maratha Empire’s power and influence from 1713 to 1818. With their strategic leadership and military prowess, they expanded Maratha territory and consolidated their rule across the Indian subcontinent.

An Overview of Peshwas Rulers and Maratha Power and Influence

1. Balaji Viswanath (1713–1720)

  • He helped Maratha emperor Shahu stabilise the kingdom after the civil war; Convinced Kanhoji Angre to support Shahu against Europeans; Revived jagir grants and made Peshwa’s office hereditary. 
  • He was succeeded by his son, Baji Rao I.

Peshwas

2. Baji Rao I (1720–1740)

  • The Renowned Peshwa: He was the most famous of all nine Peshwas and also known as “Thorale”, meaning ‘Elder’ Baji Rao. 
    • He was the greatest exponent of guerrilla tactics after Shivaji. 
  • Administrative Capital Shift to Pune (1728 AD): He shifted the administrative capital from Satara to Pune in 1728 AD.
  • Initiation of the Maratha Confederacy: He initiated the system of confederacy among the Maratha chiefs.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Confederacy: Under this system, each Maratha chief was assigned a territory that could be administered autonomously.
Confederacy  Area
GAEKWADS  Baroda
BHONSLES  Nagpur
HOLKARS  Indore
SCINDIAS  Gwalior
PESHWAS  Poona
  • Expeditions/Conquests:
    • PeshwasExpanded the Maratha rule from Cuttack (Krishna) to Attock. 
    • Popularised the idea of Hindu-padpadshahi (Hindu Empire) to secure the support of Hindu chiefs against the Mughals
    • Defeated Nizam of Hyderabad, the Rajput Governor of Malwa, and the Governor of Gujarat
    • In 1722 AD, he captured Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese. He fostered friendly ties with the English to facilitate free trade in the Deccan.

3. Balaji Baji Rao (1740–1761)

  • Introduction: Succeeded his father, Baji Rao I as Peshwa. He was also known as Nana Sahib.
  • During his reign, Maratha king Shahu died in 1749 AD and his nominated successor, Ramraja, was imprisoned by the Peshwa at Satara. 
  • Thus, the supreme power of the Maratha confederacy passed into the hands of Peshwa (by the Sangola Agreement of 1750 AD).
  • Victory over Alivardi Khan of Bengal: He defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan, and entered into an agreement with the Mughal Emperor in 1752 AD.
  • Agreement with the Mughal Emperor: Assured the Mughal Emperor for protection from internal and external enemies in lieu of Chauth of the north-west provinces and the total revenue of Agra and Ajmer. 
  • Marathas’ Role in the Third Battle of Panipat: Honouring this agreement, Marathas fought the Third Battle of Panipat (1761 AD) when Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India. 
Battle of Udgir (1760)

  • After Nizam Asaf Jah died in 1748, a war of succession erupted.
  • Peshwa supported Nizam’s eldest son and sent an army, led by Sadasiva Rao, winning the Battle of Udgir in 1760, capturing Bijapur, Aurangabad, Daulatabad, Ahmednagar, and Burhanpur.

4. Third Battle Of Panipat (1761)

  • Background: Ahmad Shah Abdali consolidated his position through military expeditions against the Mughals, taking control of Multan, Punjab and Delhi by 1757.
  • An expedition under Malhar Rao Holkar and Raghunatha Rao removed the agent of Abdali at Delhi and captured Sirhind and Lahore in 1758.
  • Course of War: To counter the challenges, Abdali returned to India in October 1759 and recovered the Punjab.
    • Loss of Dattaji and Madhav Rao: The Peshwa sent Dattaji Scindia to the Punjab but was defeated in the battle (1760). Malhar Rao Holkar was also defeated at Sikandara. 
    • Combined Army of Peshwa: Then the Peshwa recruited a vast army under the command of Sadasiva Rao. They were joined by the Holkar, Scindia and Gaikwar. 
    • Abdali responded by allying with Najib-ud-Daulah of Rohilkhand and Shuja-ud-Daulah of Oudh
    • No Allies to Marathas: The Marathas failed to find allies among the northern powers, as they had already alienated the Nawab of Oudh, the Sikh, Jat chiefs, and the Rajputs.
  • Effects of the Battle of Panipat: Severe defeat of the Marathas, with casualties including Viswas Rao, Sadasiva Rao, and ultimately death of Peshwa in 1761.
    • Post-battle, Holkar’s and Scindia’s contingents retreated.
    • Despite initial setbacks, the Marathas regained northern power within a decade, supporting Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.

5. Peshwa after Balaji Baji Rao(1761-1772)

  • Rise of Madhav Rao: was successor and son of Balaji Baji Rao, under Raghunath Rao’s regency in 1761. 
    • He  secured victories against the Nizam (1763) and Haider Ali (1765-1767 and 1772)
    • He reinstated control in northern India, subduing various regional powers, like Rohillas (Pathans), Rajput states and Jat chiefs and repositioned Emperor Shah Alam II at Delhi from Allahabad (under British-protection) in 1771.
  • Tragic Death: His unexpected demise in 1772 marked the end of his influential reign. 
  • Last Peshwa: Following several successions, Baji Rao II, the son of Raghunath Rao, became the last Peshwa after Madhav Rao II’s death.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Must Read
Current Affairs Editorial Analysis
Upsc Notes  Upsc Blogs 
NCERT Notes  Free Main Answer Writing

Conclusion

The era of the Peshwas marked a significant chapter in Indian history, characterized by territorial expansion, diplomatic maneuvers, and military campaigns. Despite facing challenges such as the Third Battle of Panipat, their legacy endured, influencing subsequent developments in the region for years to come.

Related Articles 
THE RISE OF MARATHAS (1674-1818) MUGHAL PERIOD (1526-40 AND 1555-1857)
third battle of Panipat PORTUGUESE IN INDIA (1505-1961)

 

THE MOST
LEARNING PLATFORM

Learn From India's Best Faculty

      
Quick Revise Now !
AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD SOON
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध
Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

<div class="new-fform">







    </div>

    Subscribe our Newsletter
    Sign up now for our exclusive newsletter and be the first to know about our latest Initiatives, Quality Content, and much more.
    *Promise! We won't spam you.
    Yes! I want to Subscribe.