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June 5, 2024 622 0
Viruses are microscopic organisms that contain genetic material encased in a protein coat. They can only replicate inside living cells and are responsible for various diseases. Understanding different viral diseases and their transmission methods is crucial for prevention and treatment.
Disease | Agent | Vector/ Transmission | Treatment/Prevention |
Dengue | Dengue virus
(RNA Virus) |
Aedes aegypti or
Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes |
Dengvaxia |
Chikungunya
[UPSC 2013] |
Chikungunya virus
(RNA Virus) |
Aedes aegypti or
Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes |
Ixchiq |
Poliomyelitis(Polio) | Polio virus
(RNA Virus) |
Person to person: faecal-oral route.
Contaminated water/food. |
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) |
AIDS
[UPSC 2019, 2013] |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
[RNA Virus] |
Exchange of body fluids
(excluding saliva) |
Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) with:
Fostemsavir Ibalizumab-uiyk Lenacapavir Lamivudine Cabotegravir Zidovudine etc. |
Hepatitis- A,
B, C, D, E, G [UPSC 2019, 2013] |
Hepatitis- A,
B, C, D, E, G Viruses [All are RNA viruses except Hepatitis B- a DNA virus] |
Hepatitis A and E- contaminated food or water
Hepatitis B, C, D, G- Parenteral contact with body fluids/blood |
HAV Vaccine
HBV Vaccine- also for Hepatitis D No Vaccines– Hepatitis C, E, G |
Chickenpox
[UPSC 2014] |
Varicella-Zoster Virus | Air-borne
Direct Contact |
Varivax, ProQuad (MMRV) |
Ebola | Zaire ebolavirus (deadliest strain)
Sudan ebolavirus Taï Forest ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus All are RNA Viruses |
Zoonosis & Body fluids | Ervebo
Zabdeno+Mvabea |
Nipah | Nipah virus (NiV)
[RNA Virus] |
Zoonosis, Direct contact and Food contaminated by body fluid of infected animals | No approved Vaccines |
COVID-19 | SARS-CoV-2 (many strains) [RNA Virus] | Contact and droplet transmission
Air-borne Fomite transmission |
Covaxin, Covishield, Sputnik-V, GEMCOVAC-OM (mRNA vaccine) |
Japanese encephalitis | Japanese encephalitis virus [RNA Virus] | Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes | Inactivated Vero cell culture-derived Vaccine (IXIARO) |
Zika Fever | Zika Virus [RNA Virus] | Aedes aegypti or
Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes |
No approved Vaccines |
Table: Viral Diseases |
Prions: Discovered in recent years (Stanley Prusiner, Nobel Prize 1997)– are proteins, which can induce disease [Degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including spongiform encephalopathy in livestock (mad cow disease and scrapie in sheep) and humans {variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (vCJD)}]. |
Must Read | |
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Upsc Notes | Upsc Blogs |
NCERT Notes | Free Main Answer Writing |
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