• Current events of national and international importance. 
• History of India and Indian National Movement.
• Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Current Affairs of India and the World. 
• Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
• Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc. 
• General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization. 
• General Science.

• Comprehension; 
• Interpersonal skills including communication skills; 
• Logical reasoning and analytical ability; 
• Decision-making and problem-solving; 
• General mental ability; 
• Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. — Class X level).

• Government Policies and initiatives Such as Make in India, Digital India, and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Jal Jeevan Mission
• Social Issues Like Gender Equality, Caste-Based Discrimination, and Poverty Alleviation Programs.
• Education Reforms and Challenges in The Education Sector.
• Healthcare Policies, Vaccination Drives, and Disease Outbreaks.
• Infrastructure Development Projects and Challenges.
• Security Issues include Border Disputes, internal Security Threats, and Counter-Terrorism Measures.
• Judicial Reforms, Landmark Court Judgments, and Legal Issues of National Importance.
• Environmental Conservation Efforts and initiatives To Tackle Pollution.
• Economic Challenges Such as Unemployment, Inflation, and Poverty.
• Cultural and Heritage Preservation initiatives, Festivals, and Celebrations of National Significance.

• International Summits
• International Crisis
• International Groupings
• International organisations
• India’s Stakes in international Issues
• Geo-Political Events
• Political Crisis and Security Crisis
• Global Health Crisis
• Civil War and War-Torn Regions
• Bilateral Disputes
• International Conflicts and Resolutions
• Diplomatic Relations Between Countries
• New Treaties and Agreements
• Global organizations Such as The United Nations, World Trade organization, and Nato
• Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Measures
• Immigration Policies
• International Trade Agreements
• Emerging Global Challenges Such as Climate Change and Pandemics

• Major Sporting Events Such as The Olympics, Fifa World Cup, Cricket World Cup, or asian Games
• Achievements and Records Set By Athletes
• Controversies in Sports Governance
• Doping Scandals
• Policies Promoting Sports Development in India
• Initiatives For Promoting indigenous Sports
• Hosting of international Sporting Events
• Sports Diplomacy
• The Impact of Sports on Society and Culture.

• Prestigious Awards Such as The Nobel Prize, Bharat Ratna, Padma Awards, Booker Prize, Pulitzer Prize, and Others
• Controversies Surrounding Awards
• Contributions of Awardees To Their Respective Fields
• Significance of Awards in Recognizing Excellence
• Environmental Awards
• Indian Receiving a Particular international Award

• Indian Trade
• Balance of Payment
• New Economic Policy
• Regulatory Bodies Such as SEBI, IRDA Etc.
• Economic Crisis in India and World
• Economic Bodies Such as Imf, WTOEtc
• Banking Systems
• Banking Norms
• New National and international Economic Policies
• New Changes in Fiscal and Monetary Measures
• Trade Agreements and Disputes
• Inflation Trends
• Employment Statistics
• New Developments in Sectors Like Agriculture, Industry, and Services
• Global Economic Trends
• Government initiatives For Economic Reforms
• Emerging Technologies Impacting The Economy, Such as Fintech, Blockchain, Etc.
• Government Schemes Related To Economic Development
• New Reforms in Taxation or Banking Sectors
• Global Economic Events Impacting India’s Economy.
• Economic Survey and Unioin Budget

• Challenges To Constitutional or Non-Constitutional Bodies
• Developments Related To Parliament
• Recent Amendments To The Constitution of India.
• Changes in Electoral Laws and Regulations.
• Landmark Judgments By The Supreme Court of India Related To Constitutional Matters.
• Alternative Dispute Resolution, Judicial Oversight
• Reforms in The Functioning of Constitutional Bodies Like The Election Commission of India or The Finance Commission.
• Updates on Federalism and Center-State Relations.
• Legislative Developments Such as The Passing of Important Bills in Parliament.
• New initiatives in Governance, Administrative Reforms, and Decentralization.
• The Emergence of New Political Parties or Coalitions.
• Debates on Contentious Political Issues Like Reservation Policies, Secularism, or Federal Structure.
• New Reforms in Public Service Delivery Mechanisms and Administrative Accountability.

• Discovery Important For Mankind
• New Species Discovered
• New Vaccine Development
• New Diseases and Health Crises
• Recent Scientific Discoveries 
• Advancements in Technology, Such as Artificial Intelligence, Space Exploration Missions and Achievements
• Developments in Renewable Energy Sources
• Innovations in Healthcare 
• Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Gmo Crops, Nanotechnology, Etc.
• Renewable Energy innovations
• Developments in Robotics
• Environmental Conservation Technologies
• Emerging Trends in Cybersecurity
• Significant Scientific Collaborations
• Government Schemes
• Digital initiatives in India

• Recommendations And Findings Of Recent Government-Appointed Committees Or Task Forces.
• Committees Formed To Address Specific Issues Like Corruption, Environmental Conservation, Or Education Reforms.
• Recommendations Of Committees On Healthcare Policies, Vaccination Strategies, Or Pandemic Management.
• Task Forces Established To Tackle Cybersecurity Threats, Terrorism, Or Internal Security Challenges.
• Findings Of Committees Investigating Incidents Of Communal Violence, Human Rights Violations, Or Disasters.
• Recommendations Of Committees On Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment, Or Child Welfare.
• Reports On Agrarian Reforms, Rural Development Initiatives, Or Agricultural Policies.
• Reports On Economic Reforms, Social Welfare Schemes, Or Infrastructure Development Projects.
• Reports On Urban Planning, Smart City Initiatives, Or Transportation Infrastructure.
• Report On Human Development. Mpi, World Bank Reports, Imf Reports, Wef Reports And Other Major Institutes Report
• Various Reports Released By Niti Ayog, Ministry Of Hrd, Ministry Of Wcd And Other Ministries’s Reports 
• Task Forces Formed To Promote Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Or Digital Transformation In Various Sectors.

• Climate Change Events such as COP
• Threat to Environment
• Species in Danger and Species in News.
• Natural Disasters such as Hurricanes, Floods,  wildfires, Natural or Man-made Disasters and Droughts
• New Environmental policies and agreements at national or international levels
• Conservation efforts for endangered species
• Initiatives for renewable energy,
• Pollution Control measures
• Advancements in Sustainable Development Practices
• Waste Management
• New Amendments to Environmental Acts and Policies
• Major Environmental organizations
• India’s initiatives in Conservation Efforts
• International Regulatory Bodies and initiatives
• Government Schemes

• Geopolitical Developments Affecting India’s Security Interests.
• Border Disputes and Conflicts with Neighboring Countries.
• Counter-Terrorism Measures and Recent Anti-Terrorism Operations.
• Military Modernization Initiatives and Defense Acquisitions.
• Cybersecurity Threats and Measures to Enhance Cyber Defense Capabilities.
• Maritime Security Challenges and Initiatives to Protect Coastal Borders.
• Internal Security Issues such as Naxalism, Insurgency, or Communal Tensions.
• Defense Cooperation Agreements with Foreign Countries.
• Role of Paramilitary Forces in Maintaining Internal Security.
• Strategic Partnerships and Alliances with Other Nations to Address Security Concerns.
• New Initiative of DRDO, ISRO, and Other Research Body.
• New Initiatives by the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Governement of India.

• New Schemes Launched by Ministries 
• Objectives and Key Features of Recently Launched Government Schemes.
• Challenges Faced in the Implementation of Welfare Schemes and Measures Taken to Address Them.
• Evaluation of Schemes Aimed at Poverty Alleviation, Rural Development, or Urban Renewal.
• Government Schemes Promoting Inclusive Growth, Gender Equality, or Empowerment of Marginalized Communities and Rural Development
• Reforms in Existing Schemes or Introduction of New Schemes to Address Emerging Challenges.
• Public Awareness Campaigns and Outreach Programs to Promote Participation in Government Schemes.

• The Hindu
• The Indian Express

• Ministry of Environment
• Ministry of Finance
• Ministry of Earth Science
• Ministry of Road Transport
• Ministry of Renewable Energy
• Ministry of Power

• Daily Current by PWOnlyIAS
• Press Information Bureau (PIB)

• Down to Earth
• Nature
• Yojana
• Kurukshetra

• Economic Survey
• NITI Aayog Reports
• international organisation Reports (World Bank, IMF, WTO, UNFCCC, IUCN etc)
• Annual Budget
• India Year Book
• PIB

• Economic and Political Weekly (EPW)
• Editorial Analysis by PW OnlyIAS

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