Ans: B

Exp:

Option 1 is correct: The liberalism of the Indian Constitution differs from classical liberalism in two ways. First,  it guarantees fundamental rights to individuals, including freedom of speech, expression, religion, and the right to equality. These rights are considered essential to individual dignity and are protected from encroachment by the government.  

Option 2 is correct: Second, Liberalism was always linked to social justice.  Ex. provision for reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution. 

Option 3 is incorrect: Classical liberalism always privileges the rights of individuals over demands for social justice and community values. While Indian liberalism creates a balance between the Social Justice and Fundamental rights. Thus, the doctrine of basic structure envisages harmony between the Fundamental rights and DPSP (Directive principles of State policy). 

   Ans: C

   Exp: 

• Statement 1 is correct: The Constitution provides a set of basic rules that allow for coordination amongst members of a society. It also provides several Fundamental rights and duties which also acts as an assurance to its citizens.
• Statement 2 is correct: A Constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed. One of the essential functions of a constitution is to specify who has the power to make decisions in a society. It also decides how the government will be constituted. This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold.

Ans: B

Exp: The constitution of a democratic country lays down some basic rules about elections, and there are two types of election systems:

• First past the post system
• Proportional representation

Statement 1 is incorrect: In the first past the post system, a voter votes for the candidate and not the political party for which the candidate is contesting the elections, while in proportional representation, a voter votes for the political party.

Statement 2 is correct: In first past the post system, only one candidate is elected from one constituency, while in proportional representation, more than one candidate can be elected from one constituency according to the proportion of votes political parties get.

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: A nation-state is a territorially bounded sovereign polity—i.e., a state—that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. India defines itself as a secular, democratic, nation state.

Statement 2 is correct: Nation states claim that their boundaries define not just a territory but also a unique culture and shared history. The national identity may be expressed through symbols like a flag, national anthem, national language, or certain ceremonial practises, among other things.

Ans: C

Exp:

 India’s diversity has always been recognised as a source of its strength. When the British ruled India, women and men from different cultural, religious and regional backgrounds came together to oppose them. In his book The Discovery of India, Jawaharlal Nehru says that Indian unity is not something imposed from the outside but rather, “It was something deeper and within its fold, the widest tolerance of belief and custom was practised and every variety acknowledged and even encouraged.” It was Nehru, who coined the phrase, “unity in diversity” to describe the country.