Ans: A

Exp:

Option (a) is correct

Dadabhai Naoroji:  Indian nationalist and critic of British economic policy in India. Educated at Elphinstone College, Bombay (now Mumbai), he was a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy there before turning to politics and a career in commerce that took him to England, where he spent much of his life.

He stood unsuccessfully for election to Parliament in 1886. In 1892, however, he was elected Liberal member of Parliament for Central Finsbury, London. He became widely known for his unfavourable opinion of the economic consequences of British rule in India and was appointed a member of the royal commission on Indian Expenditure in 1895. In 1886, 1893, and 1906 he also presided over the annual sessions of the Indian National Congress. In the session of 1906 his conciliatory tactics helped to postpone the impending split between moderates and extremists in the Congress Party. In his many writings and speeches and especially in Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1901), Naoroji argued that India was too highly taxed and that its wealth was being drained away to England.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Relations with princely states were to be guided by a two-point policy—using and perpetuating them as bulwarks of the empire and subordinating them completely to British authority.

Statement 2 is correct: With paramountcy, the British Government exercised the right to interfere in the internal affairs of states through their residents or by appointing and dismissing ministers and officials.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The subordination of princely states to British authority was completed with the Queen adopting the title of Kaiser-i-Hind (Queen Empress of India) in 1876. It  emphasised  British sovereignty over the entire India. Later,  Lord Curzon said that the princes ruled their states merely as agents of the British Crown.

Ans: D

Exp:

Pairs 1 ,2 and 3 are correctly matched: The various land revenue systems prevalent during the British rule in India were :

• Ryotwari system: Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Read, devised a system of collecting revenue directly from the villages, fixing the amount that each village had to pay. It was implemented in Madras Presidency in  1792.
• Permanent settlement: Lord Cornwallis set up a committee consisting of himself, Sir John Shore, and James Grant to examine the issue of land revenue. The Zamindari system was implemented in the regions of Bengal and Bihar.
• Mahalwari system: Holt Mackenzie, the secretary to the board of commissioners, recommended this form of the settlement of land revenue in 1819. Lord William Bentick implemented this in the Northern part of India. 

Ans: C

Exp:

Option a, b, and d are correct: The pursuit of a foreign policy, guided by the interest of British imperialism, often led to India’s conflicts with neighbouring countries. These conflicts arose due to various reasons.

First: The political and administrative consolidation of the country coupled with the introduction of modern means of communication impelled the Government of India to reach out for natural, geographical frontiers for internal cohesion and defence, which sometimes resulted in border clashes.

Second: The British Government had as its major aims in Asia and Africa:

o   protection of the invaluable Indian empire;

o   expansion of British commercial and economic interests; and

o   keeping other European imperialist powers, whose colonial interests came in conflict with those of the British, at arm’s length in Asia and Africa.

These aims led to British expansion and territorial conquests outside India’s natural frontiers, and to conflicts with other imperialist European powers such as Russia and France.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Till 1813, the British followed a policy of non-interference in the social, religious, and cultural life of the country. After 1813, measures were taken to transform Indian society because of the emergence of new interests and ideas in Britain of the nineteenth century in the wake of significant changes in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Statement 2 is correct: Early Indian social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, I.C Vidyasagar etc occasioned reform using legal methods e.g. Sati ban, Widow Remarriage Act etc 

Statement 3 is incorrect: Christian missionaries regarded Christianity to be a superior religion and wanted to spread it in India through Westernization which, they believed, would destroy the faith of the natives in their own religion and culture.

Statement 4 is correct: The government feared that too much modernisation might generate forces hostile to their interests; thus it was thought to be appropriate to opt for partial modernisation — introducing it in some respects and blocking it in others, in other words, a ‘colonial modernisation’.