Ans: C

Exp:

Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act: Metcalfe repealed the 1823 ordinance and earned the nickname “liberator of the Indian press”. The new Press Act (1835) required a publisher to give a precise account of the premises of a publication and cease functioning if required by a similar declaration. The result of a liberal press policy was the rapid growth of newspapers.

Licensing Regulations, 1823: John Adams was the acting governor-general who enacted these regulations. According to these regulations, starting or using a press without a licence was a penal offence. These restrictions were directed chiefly against Indian-language newspapers or those edited by Indians. Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar had to stop publication.

Registration Act, 1867: This replaced Metcalfe’s Act of 1835 and was of a regulatory, not restrictive, nature. As per the Act, every newspaper was required to print the name of the printer and publisher, and the place of publication, and a copy was to be submitted to the local government within one month of the publication of a book.

Censorship of Press Act, 1799: Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating the French invasion of India. It imposed almost wartime press restrictions, including pre-censorship. These restrictions were relaxed under Lord Hastings, who had progressive views, and in 1818, pre-censorship was dispensed with.

Ans: B

Exp: 

Pair 1 is correctly matched: Gopal Ganesh Agarkar was a proponent of rationalism and believed that education and the press could play a critical role in spreading these ideas. Agarkar did not appreciate Tilak’s aggressive criticism of the British government. Their differences eventually led Agarkar to resign from Kesari and start his newspaper, Sudharak in 1887. 

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched:  Dadabhai Naoroji was appointed as Justice of the Peace in 1883 and started a newspaper called ‘Voice of India’. Surendranath Banerjee started an English newspaper “The Bengalee” which played a crucial role in the Indian Independence Movement.

Pair 3 is correctly matched: GP Verma was associated with Hindustan and Advocate. 

Other main newspapers included Tribune and Akbhar-i-am in Punjab, Dhyan Prakash and Kal in Bombay and Som Prakash, Banganivasi and Sadharani in Bengal.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement I is correct: Bal Gangadhar Tilak as the leader of militant nationalists, was tried on charges of sedition in 1908 and was represented by M.A Jinnah. His application for bail was rejected and he was transported to Mandalay (Burma) for six years.

Statement II is correct: Tilak faced three trials in cases related to sedition and was imprisoned twice. He was charged with sedition in 1897 for writing an article in his weekly publication, Kesari and was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment.

Ans: A

Exp:

In 1882, the Government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of W.W. Hunter to review the progress of education in the country since the Despatch of 1854. The Hunter Commission mostly confined its recommendations to primary and secondary education:

•  It emphasised that primary education should be imparted through the vernacular language.
•  Recommended transfer of control of primary education to newly set up district and municipal boards.
•  Secondary education should have two divisions: 
  •  literary
  • vocational
•  It drew attention to inadequate facilities for female education.

Ans: C

Exp:

Munshi is a person who can read, write, and teach Persian. Munshi is a Persian word which was used in Mughal Empire for language teachers. They were also employed by Europeans as secretaries and translators. Munshi is a Persian word derived from Arabic that is used as a title for those persons who have achieved mastery over languages. It was also used to address heads of departments.