Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Jhum cultivation was a form of shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and central India. The British were uncomfortable with groups who moved about and did not have a fixed home. They wanted tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators. Settled peasants were easier to control and administer than people who were always on the move. The British also wanted a regular revenue source for the state. So, the British discouraged jhum cultivation. 

Statement 2 is correct: The life of tribal groups was directly connected to the forest. So, the changes in forest laws had a considerable effect on tribal lives. The British extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were State property. Some forests were classified as Reserved Forests to meet the need for timber. Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws. They disobeyed the new rules, continued with practices that were declared illegal, and at times rose in open rebellion.

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The Jungle Mahal Uprising, also known as the Bhumij Revolt or Ganga Narayani Hangama, occurred in the western part of the Bankura district in present-day West Bengal, in 1832–33. 

Statement 2 is correct: The immediate cause of the uprising was a succession dispute over the Barabhum estate’s diwani. Ganga Narayan Singh, who claimed to be the estate’s legitimate heir, waged war against the British-appointed, unpopular diwan, Madhav Singh.

The tribals of Barabhum and neighboring estates, known as Bhumijis, joined with the Ganga Narayan, and pledged to refuse to pay revenue to the East India Company, and protect their liberty.

Ans: A

Exp:

The Kherwar Movement of 1874 was motivated by the desire to return to an idealised past of tribal independence.  The word Kherwar is an ancient name of Santhals and in their opinion, it is linked to the golden age of their history. At that time the Santhal were supposed to have enjoyed absolute independence. This movement started under the charismatic leadership of Bhagirath Manjhi. He assumed the title of Babaji. He announced that he would restore the golden age of Santhals, if they returned to the worship of God and cleared themselves of their sins.

Ans: A

Exp:

Option A is incorrect: The Indigo rebellion took place in Bengal (not restricted to Bihar & Eastern Uttar Pradesh) in the years 1859 and 1860. The Indian farmers were revolting against the British planters as they were forcing them to grow Indigo under unfavourable terms.

Option B is correct: Nij and Ryoti were the two main systems that were used to cultivate indigo. The planter produced indigo under the Nij cultivation system on lands under his direct control. The planters forced the ryots to sign a contract or agreement under the Ryoti system (Satta). Those who signed the contract received low-interest cash advances from the planters to produce indigo. However, the loan required the Ryot to grow indigo on at least 25% of his holding land. 

Option C is correct: The revolt had a significant impact on the government, which immediately established the “Indigo Commission” in 1860 with the goal of putting an end to the repressions of Indigo Planters (Enactment of the Indigo Act 1862).

Option D is correct: ‘Nil Darpan’ or the Indigo Planting Mirror was a Bengali play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858-59. The drama was written in the context of Indigo Revolt.  The play examines the treatment of the Indian peasantry or ryots by the indigo planters.  It was first published in 1860.

Ans: A

Exp:

• • In 1875, a major agrarian outbreak erupted in Maharashtra’s Poona and Ahmednagar districts. Land revenue was paid directly by the peasant, who was also recognised as the owner of his land, under the Ryotwari system. 
  • Statement 1 is correct: The Deccan peasant, like peasants in other Ryotwari areas, found it difficult to pay land revenue without falling into the clutches of the moneylender and losing his land. As a result, tensions between peasants and moneylenders, the majority of whom were outsiders — Marwaris or Gujaratis — grew. The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The affected area under Deccan Riots was under the Ryotwari system and not under the Permanent Settlement.  Ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.