Answer

Green hydrogen is emerging as a pivotal element in India’s strategy to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. Produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources like solar and wind, it offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The government’s National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to produce 5 million tonnes annually by 2030, positioning India as a global leader in the green hydrogen sector.​

Potential of Green Hydrogen in India

• Decarbonization of Industrial Sectors: Green hydrogen can replace fossil fuels in industries such as steel, cement, and chemicals, significantly reducing carbon emissions.
  For example: The Dhirubhai Ambani Green Energy Giga Complex in Jamnagar is set to produce green hydrogen, aiming to decarbonize industrial processes.​
• Energy Storage and Grid Stability: It serves as an effective medium for storing excess renewable energy, enhancing grid stability and reliability.
  For example: Green hydrogen produced during peak renewable energy generation can be stored and utilized during periods of low generation, ensuring a consistent energy supply.​
• Reduction of Fossil Fuel Imports: By producing green hydrogen domestically, India can reduce its reliance on imported fossil fuels, enhancing energy security.
  For example: The government’s initiative to produce 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually aims to decrease dependence on fossil fuel imports.​
• Economic Growth and Job Creation: The green hydrogen sector is expected to generate substantial employment opportunities and stimulate economic growth.
  For example: The National Green Hydrogen Mission is projected to create over 6 lakh jobs and attract investments worth ₹8 lakh crore by 2030.​
• Export Opportunities: India has the potential to become a major exporter of green hydrogen, tapping into the global demand for clean energy.

Technological Challenges

• High Production Costs: The current cost of producing green hydrogen is significantly higher than that of conventional hydrogen.
  For example: Green hydrogen production costs are estimated between $5.30 to $6.70 per kilogram, approximately 40% more expensive than the cheapest G20 green hydrogen producer, Australia.​
• Limited Electrolyzer Manufacturing Capacity: India lacks sufficient domestic manufacturing capacity for electrolyzers, essential for green hydrogen production.
  For example: The reliance on imported electrolyzers increases costs and delays the scaling up of green hydrogen production.​
• Water Scarcity: Electrolysis requires substantial amounts of water, which poses a challenge in water-stressed regions.
  For example: Producing one kilogram of green hydrogen via electrolysis requires about nine liters of fresh water, adding pressure on India’s already strained water resources.
• Technology Maturity: The technology for efficient and cost-effective green hydrogen production is still evolving.
• Integration with Existing Infrastructure: Integrating green hydrogen into existing energy systems requires significant modifications and investments.

Infrastructural Challenges

• Lack of Storage Facilities: Green hydrogen requires specialized storage solutions due to its low energy density.
  For example: The absence of dedicated storage facilities hampers the scalability and reliability of green hydrogen as an energy source.​
• Transportation Limitations: Transporting green hydrogen over long distances presents logistical challenges.
• Underdeveloped Distribution Networks: The current distribution infrastructure is not equipped to handle green hydrogen.
• Insufficient Refueling Stations: The lack of hydrogen refueling stations limits the adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles.
• Grid Compatibility Issues: Integrating green hydrogen into the existing energy grid requires overcoming technical challenges.
  For example: Modifying the grid infrastructure to accommodate green hydrogen is essential for its effective utilization.​

Way Forward

• Policy Incentives: Implementing supportive policies can accelerate the adoption of green hydrogen.
  For example: Subsidies and tax incentives for green hydrogen projects can attract investments and reduce costs.​
• Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between government and private sector can drive innovation and infrastructure development.
• Research and Development Investment: Increased funding for R&D can lead to technological advancements.
• Infrastructure Development: Building the necessary infrastructure is crucial for the widespread adoption of green hydrogen.
  For example: Developing storage facilities, transportation networks, and refueling stations will facilitate the use of green hydrogen.​
• International Collaboration: Engaging in international partnerships can provide access to global markets and technologies.
  For example: The collaboration between India and Australia focuses on increased investment in renewable energy initiatives, including green hydrogen projects, enhancing bilateral cooperation in clean energy.

Green hydrogen holds significant potential to transform India’s energy landscape, offering a sustainable and clean energy source. However, its large-scale adoption faces technological and infrastructural challenges that must be addressed through policy support, investment in research and infrastructure, and international collaboration. By overcoming these hurdles, green hydrogen can play a pivotal role in India’s transition to a carbon-neutral future.

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