The civil-military relationship is crucial for governance, with jointness and integration being key. While authoritarian regimes prioritize military dominance, India has focused on civilian control and democratic principles, evolving its civil-military coordination through challenges and reforms.

Civil-Military Coordination

• Jointness (collaboration among services) and integration (alignment between civil and military institutions) are key.
• Coordination varies across political systems: authoritarian regimes see military dominance; democracies emphasize civilian control.
• India has evolved from a command-driven system to one based on democratic norms and institutional synergy.

Key Theories & Influence

• Samuel Huntington’s 1957 book advocates for military autonomy under civilian control.
• PM Modi’s 2014 speech emphasized a professional military under civilian supremacy.

India’s Civil-Military Successes

• India’s civil-military coordination has been successful, especially in disaster response and law enforcement.
• The military’s support is marked by discipline and unique capabilities (e.g., CBRN, heli-lift, underwater rescue).
• India’s military has played a crucial role in regional humanitarian efforts and evacuations.

Differences Between Civil and Military Wings

• Military values hierarchy, speed, and uniformity; civil services value longer tenure and continuity.
• Disparities in procurement, modernisation, and use of national assets (land, spectrum, airspace).
• Duplication in logistics, training, and infrastructure reflects inefficiencies in joint planning.

Challenges in Civil-Military Coordination

• The 1999 Kargil War exposed coordination gaps.
• Post-war reforms included the creation of IDS, DIA, Andaman & Nicobar Command.
• Reforms (1999-2019) focused on modernisation, tech adoption, border development, but ignored trust deficits.

Second-Generation Reforms (2019)

• Establishment of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and Department of Military Affairs (DMA).
• Emphasis on jointness in operations, logistics, training, and support.
• Legislative backing for jointness through Inter-Services Organisations Act (2023).
• Improved civil-military coordination, resolution of dual-use resource issues, and modernisation.

Ongoing Reforms and Impact

• Policies on geospatial data, drones, border infrastructure, and dual-use defence airfields have advanced.
• Capital expenditure focuses on modernisation and defence export expansion.
• Recruitment and training reforms through the Agniveer scheme.

Third-Generation Reforms Needed

• Modern warfare requires deeper integration due to hybrid threats (cyberattacks, disinformation, proxy wars).
• Co-development of dual-use technologies (AI, drones, space systems) with civilian innovators.
• Lawfare and grey-zone warfare necessitate joint civilian-military responses.
• Global security threats (e.g., Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, Russia-China axis, cyberattacks) demand a whole-of-society approach.

Conclusion

In light of modern warfare and hybrid threats, third-generation reforms are essential to strengthen civil-military integration. These reforms are critical to address complex 21st-century challenges, requiring unprecedented synergy between civil and military institutions for national security.

DOWNLOAD PDF