The recent tragic cloudburst in Uttarkashi, which devastated the village of Dharali and surrounding areas, is a stark reminder of how climate change is intensifying natural disasters in India. 

Climate Change and the Rising Vulnerability of Mountain Regions

• Inadequate Preparedness: The recent landslides and floods exposed the weakness of existing infrastructure and disaster management systems, which are not equipped to handle climate-induced extremes
• Recurrent Nature of Disasters: Extreme weather events like cloudbursts, flash floods, and landslides are becoming increasingly common across the Hindu Kush Himalayan region.
• Impact of Climate Change: Scientific evidence links the rising frequency and severity of these disasters to the accelerated impacts of climate change.

About Cloudbursts

A cloudburst occurs when very heavy rain falls suddenly over a small area, typically defined as more than 100mm of rain in one hour. 

• The increasing frequency and intensity of these events are directly linked to the accelerated impacts of climate change.
• Data from the IMD: Data from the IMD reveals that cloudburst incidents in India doubled between 1980 and 2022.

Mechanism Of Cloudburst

• Warming Atmosphere: As the Earth’s average temperature rises due to global warming, the air above the surface becomes warmer.
• Moisture Retention: Warmer air holds more moisture – approximately 7% more for every degree Celsius of warming.
• Collision of Air Masses: When this warm, moisture-laden air collides with colder air, it results in sudden, intense downpours.
• Himalayas: A Climate-Sensitive Region: The Himalayas, often called the “Water Tower of Asia” due to their vast glaciers and rivers supporting 1.9 billion people across eight countries including India, Nepal, and Bhutan, are particularly sensitive to climate shifts.
• Glacier Melt: Melting glaciers increase atmospheric moisture, leading to more intense and erratic rainfall, disrupting monsoon patterns.
• Terrain and Geography Exacerbate Disasters: The region’s steep slopes and loose soil amplify these effects, making landslides more likely, while narrow valleys funnel floodwaters, causing severe damage.
• Human Activities: Beyond natural factors, human activity, including unplanned construction and infrastructure development, also exacerbates the devastation during such events.

Issues in India’s Current Disaster Management Framework

• Inadequate Infrastructure: Traditional infrastructure like dams, drains, and embankments, designed for historical weather patterns, are simply overwhelmed by the intensity of current events.
• Lack of Real-Time Monitoring: There is a glaring deficiency in real-time monitoring infrastructure in the Himalayas and other vulnerable regions.
• Sparse Automatic Weather Stations (AWS): Automatic Weather Stations are very few.
  • These stations are essential for collecting real-time data on temperature, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure, which is crucial for early warnings.
• Fragmented Early Warning Systems: Effective early warning systems are vital for saving lives and reducing damage. 
  • Such systems require a predictive algorithm, real-time data from AWS, and satellite data.
  • Currently, India’s efforts in this regard are fragmented. 
  • In contrast, Nepal has successfully implemented community-based early warning systems for mountain disasters.

Way Forward

• Enhance Weather Monitoring and Early Warning Systems:
  • Expand and modernise weather monitoring infrastructure, particularly in the Himalayas and other fragile mountain regions.
  • Establish more Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) and leverage satellite-based observation systems to provide critical real-time data for early warnings.
• Embrace Nature-Based Solutions and Ecological Restoration:
  • Shift focus from solely relying on “grey infrastructure” (like dams and embankments) to integrating ecological solutions into planning such as restoring wetlands, mangroves, and natural sponge zones that absorb floodwaters and reduce runoff. 
    • These nature-based solutions are cost-effective, sustainable, and adaptable to changing climate conditions.
• Implement Strategic Land Use and Infrastructure Planning:
  • Enforce stringent land-use planning. 
    • Construction must be prohibited near drainage lines and on fragile mountain slopes.
  • Reforestation and afforestation programs should be expanded, especially in areas prone to erosion.
  • Governments must also mainstream climate adaptation into urban planning, infrastructure development, and disaster response strategies.
• Empower Communities and Integrate Traditional Knowledge:
  • Prioritise community-based disaster management practices, particularly in vulnerable rural and hilly areas.
  • Conduct regular local-level training, disaster drills, and mock evacuation exercises to prepare communities for potential disasters.
  • Empower local communities with necessary knowledge and resources and ensure marginalised groups receive special attention during rehabilitation efforts.
• Foster Research, Innovation, and Regional Cooperation:
  • There is a need to invest heavily in research and foster innovation in climate resilience technologies.
  • Partner with regional neighbours to bolster adaptive capacity across the Himalayas and beyond, recognising the transboundary nature of the challenge.

Conclusion

India must move beyond reactive measures and adopt a proactive, holistic, and integrated approach to climate resilience. This systematic effort is crucial not only for safeguarding lives and livelihoods but also for ensuring long-term sustainable development in the face of escalating climate threats.

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