Hybrid Seeds in Indian Agriculture: Advantages and Challenges | PWOnlyIAS 2023

September 25, 2023

Subject: GS:03: Environment

Context: Hybrid seeds are becoming increasingly popular in India due to their quicker harvest quality which allows farmers to sow short-duration crops, such as potato, between two crop cycles.

About Hybrid Seeds:

Hybrid seeds are seeds that have been produced by deliberately crossing two different varieties of the same plant species.
- For Example: Corn, tomatoes
Origin of Hybrid Seeds: The origin of hybrids can be traced to India’s Green Revolution in the 1960s, when the government’s effort was primarily to increase agricultural productivity.
- For this, the National Seed Corporation was set up to develop, store and distribute high yield variety seeds.
Ownership of Hybrid Seeds: Till the 1980s, the public sector had a firm control on the seed market and supplied OPV seeds to farmers.
- Towards the end of the decade, the government allowed development and distribution of hybrid varieties by the private Sector.

National Seeds Corporation Limited (NSC):

National Seeds Corporation Limited (NSC) was incorporated in 1963 to undertake production of foundation and certified seeds.
It is wholly owned by the government of India under the administrative control of the ministry of agriculture and farmers welfare.
It is a Miniratna Category‐I company.

Benefits of Hybrid Seeds:

Natural Resilience: It is very much less affected by the different types of environmental stress such as insects and plants diseases etc.
Consistency and Performance Benefits: It also has the advantage that it tends to offer better and consistent performance in comparison to the non-hybrid seeds in an effective manner
Better Yield: They produce plants with larger fruit, higher yields, disease resistance, and longer shelf life than heirlooms.

Limitations of hybrid seeds:

Sensitive to Temperature: Unlike traditional or OPV seeds, hybrid seeds are quite sensitive to temperature and rain.
Threatens Diversity: Use of hybrid seeds can also damage the diversity of crops over the years.
- As per Politics of Seed: Common Resource or a Private Property, “introduction of hybrid seeds and genetically uniformed modern varieties, started the process of genetic erosion and replacement of local varieties with high yielding and hybrid varieties.
Vanishing Indigenous Crop Varieties:The majority of indigenous crop varieties, which had a special tendency to survive in adverse conditions due to low production, are no longer grown.

Conclusion

Hybrid seeds in India offer faster crop cycles and improved yield, driven by the country’s Green Revolution efforts. While they provide benefits like resilience and consistency, they also face challenges such as temperature sensitivity and the potential loss of indigenous crop diversity, highlighting the complex dynamics of modern agriculture in India.