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Swami Vivekananda: Biography, Early Life and National Youth Day

PWOnlyIAS November 15, 2023 03:23 4112 0

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Context: Swami Vivekananda was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author and religious teacher.

Swami Vivekananda: Biography, Early Life and National Youth Day

Swami Vivekananda: Journey of Enlightenment and Literary Legacy

  • Birth:
    • Born on January 12, 1863, in Calcutta to a Bengali family.
    • His original name was Narendranath Datta.
    • His birthday was declared National Youth Day by the Government of India in 1984.
  • Early Life:
    • Showed an early interest in Western philosophy, history, religion, and spirituality.
    • Well-read in various subjects and meditated in front of Hindu deities’ images.
    • Met Ramakrishna Paramhansa, who became his Guru, and remained devoted to him until Ramakrishna’s death in 1886.
    • Adopted the name ‘Vivekananda’ in 1893 at the request of Maharaja Ajit Singh of the Khetri State, changing from his previous name ‘Sachidananda.’
  • Literary Works:
    • Wrote books like Raja Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Karma Yoga.
  • Death:
    • Passed away on July 4, 1902.

Swami Vivekananda: Pillars of Enlightenment and Social Transformation

  • Spiritual Ethics: Swami Vivekananda’s Path to Responsible Citizenship
    • Swami Vivekananda introduced a novel ethical theory and moral principle rooted in the intrinsic purity and unity of the Atman, distinct from the conventional morality driven by fear of societal judgment.
    • He regarded ethics as a set of guidelines for being a responsible citizen, with purity reflecting our true divine nature and inter-connectedness promoting love and service to others.
  • Swami Vivekananda’s Universal Religion: Beyond Dogmas and Towards Spiritual Harmony
    • Swami Vivekananda’s most influential contribution was his interpretation of religion as a universal experience of transcendent Reality shared by all humanity.
    • This universal approach liberated religion from superstitions, dogmas, priestly authority, and intolerance.
    • Swami Vivekananda believed that every religion offered a path to the eternal supreme, be it freedom, knowledge, or happiness, attainable by recognizing one’s Atman as part of the Paramatma.
  • Empowering Nations: Swami Vivekananda’s Vision for Inclusive Education and Social Responsibility
    • Swami Vivekananda stressed the utmost importance of education in revitalizing the nation.
    • He supported mass education, emphasizing the need for an educational system that helps students manifest their innate knowledge and abilities.
    • His vision of education aimed at character development, self-reliance, and life preparation while admonishing the educated elite to serve the underprivileged.
  • Harmony of Reason and Intuition: Swami Vivekananda’s Rational Vision
    • Swami Vivekananda’s ideology embraced both modern science and reason, not sidelining them in favor of faith.
    • He acknowledged insight as a higher faculty than reason but insisted that truths derived from intuition must be rationalized and systematized.
  • Spiritual Nationalism: Swami Vivekananda’s Vision for Unity, Freedom, and Karmic Empowerment
    • Swami Vivekananda’s nationalism stemmed from Indian spirituality and morality, grounded in humanism and universalism.
    • Unlike Western secular nationalism, his was deeply rooted in religious and spiritual principles, reflecting the spiritual essence of India.
    • His nationalism was characterized by a deep concern for the masses, freedom, equality, spiritual unity, and the concept of “KarmaYoga” for attaining both political and spiritual freedom.
  • Empowering Tomorrow: Swami Vivekananda’s Call to Youthful Strength and National Unity
    • Swamiji believed that the determined youth had the potential to achieve the impossible.
    • He encouraged the youth to dedicate themselves to their goals and pursue challenges with solid commitment.
    • Vivekananda advocated that youth should develop not only mental but also physical strength, emphasizing the need for both “muscles of iron” and “nerves of steel.”
    • His birthday, January 12, is celebrated as National Youth Day in India, with the week following it known as National Youth Week. 
    • As part of National Youth Week celebrations, the Indian government hosts the National Youth Festival, promoting national integration, communal harmony, brotherhood, courage, and adventure among the youth through cultural events and activities.

Swami Vivekananda’s Legacy: Bridging Philosophy, Social Reform, and National Unity”

  • Introduction to Indian Philosophies: Swami Vivekananda introduced Western audiences to Indian philosophies like Vedanta and Yoga.
  • Supported Social Services and Reform: He was actively engaged in social service and advocated for social reforms.
  • Caste System Eradication and Science Promotion: Vivekananda encouraged people in India to eradicate the caste system and promote science and industrialization.
  • Inspiration for Freedom Struggle and National Independence: His inspirational speeches motivated many individuals to participate in the freedom struggle and contribute to the national independence movement.
  • Youth Unity to resist colonialism: He urged the youth to unite, fight colonial oppression, and engage in social service.
  • Fostering Interfaith Dialogue and Awareness: Vivekananda’s teachings fostered interfaith discussions and interfaith awareness.
  • Opposition to Superstitions and Empowerment of Women: He actively opposed superstitions and promoted the empowerment of women in society.
  • Emphasis on Equality and Free-Thinking: He emphasized the values of equality and free-thinking.
  • Neo-Vedanta and Understanding of Hinduism: Swami Vivekananda’s interpretation of Vedanta is known as neo-Vedanta.
  • Role in the Nationalist Movement: He worked towards a better understanding of Hinduism and played a role in the nationalist movement.
  • Worship through Serving the People: According to him, the most meaningful form of worship was serving the people.
  • Importance of Physical and Moral Strength: He stressed the importance of physical and moral strength, even suggesting that playing football could bring one closer to heaven than studying the Gita.
  • Swami Vivekananda identified four pillars of nationalism: 
    • recognizing India’s ancient glory, 
    • developing moral and physical strength, 
    • awakening the masses, and 
    • establishing unity based on shared spiritual principles.

Swami Vivekananda’s Global Vision: From Chicago to India, Uniting Spiritualism and Materialism

  • He gave his notable lecture “Religion not the Crying need of India” at the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893. 
    • Balancing Spiritualism and Materialism: The main theme of his opening address was the need for a healthy harmony between spiritualism and materialism.
    • Blending Eastern Spiritualism and Western Materialism: Envisioning a new culture for the whole world, he called for a mix of the materialism of the West and the spiritualism of the East into a new proportion to produce happiness for mankind.
  • Swami Vivekananda gave various lectures on Vedanta in the USA and in London before coming back to India in 1897. 
  • A series of lectures were delivered in India, whose focus was:
    • Introducing Pride in India’s Heritage: to introduce into the new generation a sense of pride in India’s past, a new faith in India’s culture, and a unique sense of confidence in India’s future;
    • Merging Hinduism’s Diverse Sects: to bring about a unification of Hinduism by pointing out the common foundation of its sects; 
    • Implementing Practical Vedanta for Upliftment: to make the educated people see the suffering of the downtrodden and work for their uplift by the application of practical Vedanta principles.
  • He underlined not only on personal salvation but also on social good and reforms.

Vedanta: Exploring Brahman and the Path to Liberation

  • Rooted in the Upanishads, this philosophy sought to investigate the concept of ‘Brahman,’ the ultimate reality central to the Upanishads.
  • It regarded the Vedas as the unquestionable source of knowledge and authority.
  • Emphasizing the path of knowledge (Jnana) over sacrifice (Karma), it aimed for ‘Moksha,’ which signifies liberation from the cycle of ‘Sansara.’

Conclusion:

Swami Vivekananda was a great leader and teacher who had a big influence on India and the world. He told people about Indian ideas, the importance of education, and working together no matter what religion you are. He started the Ramakrishna Mission and wrote many books. Even now, his ideas inspire people to live meaningful lives, be spiritual, and make the world better. Swami Vivekananda still has a big impact on India, and people look up to him as a guide for the future.

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Swami Vivekananda FAQs

Swami Vivekananda was a Hindu monk and philosopher who played a crucial role in India's spiritual and nationalist movements.

His values included ethics, universal religion, education, rationality, nationalism, and a strong emphasis on youth empowerment. His contributions range from introducing Indian philosophies to fostering social reforms.

January 12, Vivekananda's birthday, is celebrated as National Youth Day in India, highlighting his emphasis on youth empowerment and dedication to goals.

He inspired individuals to participate in the freedom struggle, advocated for social reforms, opposed the caste system, and promoted science and industrialization.

In his notable speech, he emphasized harmony between spiritualism and materialism, blending Eastern and Western philosophies, and introduced India's heritage to the world.

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