Ans: C

Exp:

• Statement 1 is  correct : The pole-fleeing force relates to the rotation of the earth. Earth is not a perfect sphere as it has a bulge at the equator. This bulge is due to the rotation of the earth as centrifugal force is greater at the equator. Centrifugal force increases as we move from poles towards the equator. According to Wegener, this increase in centrifugal force has led to pole fleeing.
• Statement 2 is correct: Tidal force is due to the attraction of the moon and the sun that develops tides in oceanic waters. According to Wegener, these forces would become effective when applied over many million years, and the drift is continuing.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: It was Arthur  Holmes, in 1919, who suggested the mechanism that the continents are carried by currents of the mantle on which they float. This idea of convectional current challenged the mechanism of continental drift.

Ans: C

Exp:

• Statement 1 is  correct : Evidence in support of Continental Drift –The Matching of Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit): When facing one another, the shorelines of South America and Africa form a similarity. Similarly, when matched, Africa, Madagascar, and India’s east coast all fit together.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Rocks of the same geological ages and Geological structure can be found along the Atlantic coast. The best example of geological similarity  is provided by the Appalachian mountains of North America which come right up to the coast and continue their trend across the ocean in the old Hercynian Mountains of southwest Ireland, Wales and central Europe. The opposite coasts of Africa and Brazil display even greater resemblance in their structure and rocks.
• Statement 3 is correct: Tillite deposits are sedimentary rocks formed out of deposits of glaciers.
  • The Gondwana system of sediments are found in India, Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia which were all previously part of Gondwanaland. Overall resemblance demonstrates that these landmasses had remarkably similar histories.
• Statement 4 is correct: Rich placer deposits of gold are found on the Ghana coast (West Africa) but the source (gold-bearing veins) is in Brazil, and it is obvious that the gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.

Ans: B

Exp:

• Statement 1 is correct: Continental drift theory focused on movements of the continents alone. It tried to explain with some evidence such as-jig-zaw fitting of continents. Sea floor spreading theory focused on oceanic plates alone.It was from the continental drift theory, convection current theory and the theory of seafloor spreading, the theory of Plate Tectonics was formulated. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth’s lithosphere is broken into distinct plates which are floating on a mobile layer called asthenosphere (upper part of the mantle). It explains the Movement of Lithospheric plates that include both continents and oceans.
• Statement 2 is correct: Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere. Along convergent boundaries where one plate moves under another, the lower one is carried down into the mantle. The material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new oceanic crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the lithosphere remains the same. 
• Statement 3 is incorrect: Plate tectonics is a unifying theory, which explains many features and processes that we find on the Earth. It explains the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes. It explains mountain building and describes the shapes and locations of the continents. It also helps us understand the youthful age of the seafloor and the unusual distribution of fossil and living organisms on the continents. In fact, plate tectonics actually combines two other theories, continental drift and seafloor spreading into a comprehensive global theory.

Ans: B

Exp:

• Statement 1 is correct: About 140 million years ago, the subcontinent was located as south as 50◦ S latitude. The Tethys Sea separated the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The Tibetan block was a part of the Asiatic landmass. Indian plate collided with Eurasian plate about 40-50 million years ago causing rapid uplift of the Himalayas (the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate were close to the equator back then). Therefore, it is continent-continent convergence. 
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Formation of the Deccan trap started somewhere around 60 million years ago and continued for a long period of time. Note that the subcontinent was still close to the equator. From 40 million years ago and thereafter, the event of formation of the Himalayas took place.
• Statement 3 is correct: About 140 million years before the present, the subcontinent was located as south as 50°S latitude. During the movement of the Indian plate towards the Asiatic plate, a major event that occurred was the outpouring of lava and formation of the Deccan Traps(60 million years ago). Note that the subcontinent was still close to the equator. 

Ans: D

Exp:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Indian Constitution does not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of Citizenship subsequent to its commencement.
  • It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for such matters and any other matter relating to Citizenship. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act (1955), which has been amended from time to time.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The Constitution deals with Citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). 
• Statement 3 is incorrect: There are two well-known principles for the grant of Citizenship:
  • While ‘jus soli’ confers citizenship on the basis of place of birth, ‘jus sanguinis’ gives recognition to blood ties. From the time of the Motilal Nehru Committee (1928), the Indian leadership was in favour of the enlightened concept of jus soli. The racial idea of jus sanguinis was also rejected by the Constituent Assembly as it was against the Indian ethos.
  • However, Indian constitution confers citizenship not only on the ground of place of birth as well as by naturalisation.