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Livelihood Diversification in India: Agriculture, Fisheries, Sustainable Practices

December 5, 2023 830 0

Livelihood Diversification – Transforming Rural Sustenance for a Resilient Future

Livelihood Diversification In rural areas involves two aspects: a change in cropping patterns and a shift of the workforce from agriculture to other allied activities (livestock, poultry, fisheries, etc.) and the non-agriculture sector. This Diversification is essential to mitigate the risks associated with relying solely on farming for a livelihood.

Risks and Fostering Sustainability in Rural Economies 

  • Risk Reduction: Relying solely on agriculture presents greater risks. Livelihood Diversification helps reduce this risk.
  • Sustainable Livelihoods: Livelihood Diversification offers sustainable livelihood options for rural populations, especially during seasons with limited agricultural employment opportunities.

Focus Areas for Livelihood Diversification:  Charting Paths Beyond Agriculture for Rural Sustainability and Inclusivity

  • Allied Activities: Expanding into allied activities such as livestock, poultry, and fisheries.
  • Non-Farm Employment: Encouraging the workforce to seek non-farm employment.
  • Emerging Alternatives  in Livelihood Diversification: Identifying and promoting emerging livelihood alternatives in rural areas.
  • Labor Force Shift: Given the overcrowding in agriculture, a significant portion of the labor force must seek alternative employment opportunities in non-farm sectors.
  • Significant Participation of Women: Historically, the majority of rural women have been employed in agriculture, while men typically seek non-farm employment. 
    • However, in recent times, women have also begun exploring non-farm job opportunities.

Exploring Dynamic and Subsistence Sectors in the Non-Farm Economy with a Focus on Animal Husbandry

  • Dynamic Sectors: Some segments of the non-farm economy, like agro-processing industries, food processing industries, leather industry, and tourism, offer substantial growth opportunities.
  • Subsistence Sectors: Other segments, such as traditional home-based industries like pottery, crafts, and handlooms, have potential but lack the necessary infrastructure and support.
  • Major Sectors in the Non-Farm Economy: It include animal husbandry, fisheries, horticulture, etc. 

Let’s analyze a few of these major activities in the Non-Farm economy.

Livelihood Diversification through Animal Husbandry:

  • Integrated Agriculture in India: India practices mixed crop-livestock farming, with cattle, goats, and fowl being common.
  • Crucial Role of Livestock in Livelihood Diversification:  Livestock provides stability in income, food security, transport, fuel, and nutrition for rural families.
    • Over 70 million small and marginal farmers, including landless laborers, rely on livestock for alternate livelihood diversification.
    • Women also find employment opportunities in the livestock sector.
  • Diverse Landscape of Livestock in India: Poultry accounts for the largest share of livestock, followed by other animals like camels, horses, and mules.
    • In India, livestock includes animals like camels, asses, horses, ponies, and mules, which form the lowest category. 
    • Refer Figure to understand the distribution of Poultry and Livestock in India, as per 2019.
    • As of 2019, India had approximately 303 million cattle, including 110 million buffaloes.
    • Meat, eggs, wool, and by-products also offer diversification opportunities.

Livelihood Diversification through Dairy Farming in India

Distribution of Poultry and Livestock in India, 2019

Distribution of Poultry and Livestock in India, 2019

  • Transformative Growth: The Indian dairy sector has shown remarkable performance over the last three decades. 
    • Additionally, milk production has increased tenfold between 1951 and 2016.
  • Operation Flood: The success is attributed to ‘Operation Flood,’ a system where farmers pool their milk, grade it based on quality, process it, and market it to urban areas through cooperatives.
    • This cooperative system assures farmers of fair prices and income from their milk supply.

Livelihood Diversification through Major States in Milk Production: 

  • Gujarat serves as a success story in the efficient milk cooperative implementation, inspiring other states.
    • Gujarat’s successful milk cooperatives serve as an example of efficient implementation, benefiting farmers with fair prices.
  • Major milk-producing states include Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Rajasthan.

Livelihood Diversification through Fisheries: 

  • Sustaining Livelihoods and Economic Impact: Fisheries, a Cornerstone for Livelihood Diversification,  play a vital role in the livelihoods of fishing communities.
    • Inland sources contribute 65% to total fish production, while the marine sector contributes 35%.
    • Total fish production accounts for 0.9% of India’s GDP.
  • Empowering Fishing Communities: Challenges faced by fishing communities include underemployment, low earnings, and high illiteracy rates.
    • Women play a significant role in export and internal marketing but require better credit facilities through cooperatives and Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

Livelihood Diversification through Horticulture- 

Adoption of Village by Parliamentarians

In October, 2014, The Government of India introduced a new scheme called Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY). Under this scheme, Members of India’s Parliament need to identify and develop one village from their constituencies. To begin with, MPs can develop one village as a model village by 2016, and two more by 2019, covering over 2,500 villages in India. According to the scheme, the village can have a population of 3,000-5,000 in the plains and 1,000-3,000 in the hills and should not be MPs’ own or their spouse’s village. MPs are expected to facilitate a village development plan, motivate villagers to take up activities and built infrastructure in the areas of health, nutrition and education.

  • Horticultural Bounty:  India’s diverse climate and soil conditions support the cultivation of various horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, and spices.
  • Horticulture’s Impact on India’s Economy: Horticulture contributes nearly one-third of the value of agricultural output and 6% of India’s GDP.
    • India is a leading producer of fruits like mangoes, bananas, coconuts, cashew nuts, and spices.
    • The sector has improved the economic condition of many farmers and provides livelihood opportunities for underprivileged classes.
    • Opportunities for women in rural areas include flower harvesting, nursery maintenance, seed production, and food processing.
  • Elevating Livestock Productivity: Enhancing livestock productivity requires improved technology, promotion of good breeds, veterinary care, and credit facilities.

Emerging Livelihood Options

  • Information Technology (IT): It has revolutionized various sectors in India.
    • IT can contribute to sustainable development and food security by providing information on emerging technologies, prices, weather, and more.
  • Empowering Rural India through Livelihood Diversification: It has the potential to generate employment in rural areas and support agriculture through knowledge dissemination.
    • Experiments with IT applications in rural development are ongoing in different parts of India.

Nurturing Health and Livelihood Diversification through Eco-Friendly Practices 

  • Growing Concerns Over Health Impacts : Increasing awareness of the harmful effects of chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides on health has led to a rise in interest in eco-friendly agricultural practices and Livelihood Diversification. 
  • Transition to Eco-Friendly Agriculture and Livelihood Diversification: Conventional agriculture heavily relies on chemical inputs, which can contaminate food, and water sources, harm livestock, deplete soil quality, and disrupt ecosystems. 
  • Advancing Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihood Diversification: Efforts in evolving technologies that are eco-friendly are essential for sustainable development and one such technology which is eco-friendly is organic farming.

Cultivating Sustainability: Organic Food and Promoting Livelihood Diversification

  • Cultivating Sustainability:  Organic farming is recognized as an eco-friendly alternative, aiming to restore, maintain, and enhance ecological balance in agriculture.
  • Rising Global Demand for Organic Food: Driving Sustainable Agriculture and Livelihood Diversification. There’s a growing global demand for organically grown food due to its perceived safety and nutritional value.

Organically Produced Cotton in Maharashtra

In 1995, when Kisan Mehta of Prakruti (an NGO) first suggested that cotton, the biggest user of chemical pesticides, could be grown organically, the then Director of the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, famously remarked, “Do you want India to go naked?” At present, as many as 130 farmers have committed 1,200 hectares of land to grow cotton organically on the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement’s standards. The produce was later tested by the German Accredited Agency, AGRECO, and found to be of high quality. Kisan Mehta feels that about 78 per cent of Indian farmers are marginal farmers owning about less than 0.8 hectare but accounting for 20 per cent of India’s cultivable land. For such farmers, organic agriculture is more profitable in terms of money and soil conservation in the long run.

Livelihood Diversification: Unlocking Economic Benefits through Organic Farming Practices

  • Livelihood Diversification through Economic Benefits:
    • Organic agriculture can substitute expensive inputs like high-yield seeds (HYV seeds), chemical fertilizers, and pesticides with locally produced, cost-effective organic inputs.
    • It generates income through exports and provides healthier, pesticide-free food.

Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture (TANWA)

Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture (TANWA) was a project initiated in the late 1980s in Tamil Nadu to train women in the latest agricultural techniques and in organic farming. It encouraged women to actively participate in raising agricultural productivity and family income. At a Farm Women’s Group in Thiruchirapalli, run by Anthoniammal, trained women are successfully making and selling vermicompost and earning money from this venture. Many other Farm Women’s Groups are creating savings in their group by functioning like mini banks through a micro-credit system. With the accumulated savings, they promote small-scale household activities like mushroom cultivation, soap manufacture, doll making or other income-generating activities.

Understanding Challenges in Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Practices in India

  • Labor Intensity: Organic farming requires more labor but is attractive to small and marginal farmers.
  • Challenges in Initial Yields and Product Quality:
    • Initial yields may be lower in organic farming, and 
    • The produce may have blemishes and a shorter shelf life compared to conventionally grown crops.
  • Other Challenges: Include inadequate infrastructure, marketing issues, and the need for supportive agriculture policies for Livelihood Diversification. 
  • Livelihood Diversification: India’s Competitive Edge in Organic Produce: Despite challenges, India has a clear advantage in producing organic products for both domestic and international markets.
POINTS TO PONDER

Organic farming, a form of livelihood diversification, involves an agricultural process that uses biological fertilizers and pest control acquired from animal or plant waste. Given the increasing use of fertilizers and losing soil fertility this can be a sustainable farming practice but also opens avenues for livelihood diversification. 

Conclusion
livelihood diversification emerges as a crucial strategy for rural development, mitigating risks associated with agricultural dependence. Through initiatives in animal husbandry, fisheries, horticulture, and eco-friendly practices like organic farming, livelihood diversification becomes the cornerstone of sustainable and resilient rural economies, offering multifaceted opportunities for growth and stability. By fostering a shift towards non-farm sectors, particularly among women, livelihood diversification proves instrumental in creating a dynamic and inclusive rural landscape.

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AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD SOON
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
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हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध
Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

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