Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Well-integrated flow with numerous tributaries and well developed floodplains are the features of the OLD stage of the river. 

Statement 2 is correct: Waterfalls and rapids are the main features of rivers in their youthful stages, where local hard rock bodies are exposed.

Statement 3 is correct: The Himalayan region’s young rivers are often dynamic and play a significant role in shaping the landscape. They erode and transport vast amounts of sediment, creating impressive gorges, canyons, and valleys as they flow through the rugged terrain.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: A gorge and a canyon are both geological landforms associated with the erosional features of rivers with deep valleys, but they have some distinguishing characteristics. A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to straight sides, and the canyon is characterised by steep step-like side slopes.

Statement 2 is incorrect:  A gorge is almost equal in width at its top as well as its bottom. In contrast, a canyon is wider at its top than at its bottom. 

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Karst topography, often referred to simply as “karst,” is a distinctive landscape that results from the dissolution of soluble rocks, primarily limestone, gypsum, and dolomite. It is characterised by various unique surface features, including sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, underground drainage systems, and limestone pavements. Any limestone or dolomitic region showing typical landforms produced by the action of groundwater through the processes of solution and deposition is called Karst topography.

Statement 2 is incorrect: In karst topography, both erosional and depositional landforms are active in the formation of landforms like Pools, Sinkholes, lapies, limestone pavements; and stalactites, stalagmites, and pillars, respectively.

Ans: D

Exp: “Cirque, Arete, Spurs, and Moraine” are landforms associated with glacial landscapes.  The movement of glaciers is slow, unlike water flow.  Glaciers move basically because of the force of gravity.

Cirques are the most common landforms in glaciated mountains and are found at the heads of glacial valleys. A lake of water can be seen quite often within the cirques after the glacier disappears. Such lakes are called cirque or tarn lakes

Arete is a narrow, sharp ridge that separates two cirques, or glacial valleys. It forms when two glaciers erode parallel valleys on opposite sides of a mountain or ridge. As the glaciers erode the rock, they leave behind a sharp crest that can be quite dramatic and steep.

Truncated Spurs are elongated ridges that extend outward from the sides of a glacial valley. They are formed when the glacier erodes the sides of the valley, leaving behind triangular-shaped landforms that jut out into the valley. The faces of divides or spurs of such hanging valleys opening into main glacial valleys are quite often truncated to give them an appearance like triangular facets

Moraines are long ridges of glacial till.  Terminal moraines are long ridges of debris deposited at the end (toe) of the glaciers. Lateral moraines form along the sides, parallel to the glacial valleys.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Along the high, rocky coasts, the rivers appear to have been drowned by a highly irregular coastline. The coastline appears highly indented, with an extension of water into the land where glacial valleys (fjords) are present. The hillsides drop off sharply into the water. Shores do not show any depositional landforms initially. Erosional features dominate

Statement 2 is incorrect: Along low sedimentary coasts, the rivers appear to extend their length by building coastal plains and deltas. The coastline appears smooth, with occasional incursions of water in the form of lagoons and tidal creeks. The land slopes gently into the water. Marshes and swamps may abound along the coast. Depositional features dominate

Statement 3 is correct: The west coast of our country is a high, rocky, retreating coast, and Erosional forms dominate the west coast. The east coast of India is a low sedimentary coast, and Depositional forms dominate on the east coast.