Ans: D

Exp:

The Mediterranean Sea is a vast and diverse water body that connects three continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean and is almost completely enclosed by land . The Mediterranean Sea records higher salinity due to high evaporation. The Mediterranean Sea plays a crucial role in regional trade, tourism, and ecology.

Ans: A

Exp

Statement 1 is correct: Ocean trenches are geological features in the seafloor associated with the convergence of tectonic plates. As these plates collide, one is typically forced beneath the other in a process called subduction. This subduction often leads to intense volcanic activity in the trench region, including the formation of volcanic arcs and deep-sea trenches. Oceanic Deeps/ trenches are the deepest parts of the oceans. They are often associated with active volcanoes and strong earthquakes. That is why they are very significant in the study of plate movements.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Trenches occur in all the major oceans of  the world. The Pacific Ocean has the largest number of trenches. The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is the deepest known part of the ocean.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Government of India Act, 1919, had a provision that a commission would be appointed 10 years from the date to study the progress of the governance scheme and suggest new steps. An all-white, seven-member Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon Commission (after the name of its chairman, Sir John Simon), was set up by the British government under Stanley Baldwin’s prime ministership on November 8, 1927.

Statement 2 is correct: The members were formed from four Conservatives, two Labourites, and one Liberal. The commission was actually under the joint chairmanship of Sir John Simon and Clement Attlee, who was to be Britain’s prime minister in the future.

Statement 3 is correct: The commission was to recommend to the British government whether India was ready for further constitutional reforms and along what lines.

Ans: C

Exp:

Pair 1 is correctly matched: The Lee Commission was appointed in 1923 to look into the organisation and general conditions of service as well as the methods of recruitment for Europeans and Indians in the civil services. Being concerned only with the superior civil services, it came to be known as the Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India. The commission suggested that the statutory public service commission, as put forward by the Government of India Act 1919, needed to be established without delay.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Muddiman Committee, officially known as the Report of the Reforms Enquiry Committee, was set up in 1924, mainly to look into the workings of the Constitution as set up in 1921 under the Act of 1919. Its report was not unanimous: while the majority suggested some minor changes in the structure of the Constitution, the minority, consisting of non-official Indians, strongly criticised the system of dyarchy and wanted it to be abolished immediately and the Constitution made democratic. 

Pair 3 is correctly matched: In 1926, the Linlithgow Commission, officially the Royal Commission of Agriculture, was set up to examine and report on the condition of India’s agricultural and rural economies. The commission submitted its report in 1928 and made comprehensive recommendations for the improvement of the agrarian economy as the foundation for the welfare and prosperity of India’s rural population.

Ans: D

Exp:

The Simon Commission published a two-volume report in May 1930. 

• It proposed the abolition of dyarchy and the establishment of representative government in the provinces, which should be given autonomy

• It said that the governor should have discretionary power in relation to internal security and administrative powers to protect the different communities. 
• The number of members of provincial legislative council should be increased. 
• The report rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre. 
• The governor general was to have complete power to appoint the members of the cabinet. And the Government of India would have complete control over the high court.
• It also recommended that separate communal electorates be retained, but only until tensions between Hindus and Muslims had died down.
• There was to be no universal franchise.
•  It accepted the idea of federalism, but not in the near future. 
• it suggested that a Consultative Council of Greater India should be established, which should include representatives of both the British provinces as well as princely states. 
• It suggested that the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan should get local legislatures, and both NWFP and Baluchistan should have the right to be represented at the centre. 
• It was recommended that Sindh be separated from Bombay and Burma be separated from India because it was not a natural part of the Indian subcontinent.
• It also suggested that the Indian army should be Indianized, though British forces must be retained.