Recently, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums has suspended the Delhi zoo (National Zoological Park) from its membership due to concerns about the inadequate living conditions of its sole African elephant.

Delhi Zoo Suspended by WAZA Over Poor Conditions for African Elephant

• This suspension prohibits the zoo from accessing key WAZA benefits, including participation in its annual conferences and access to travel grants.
• Reasons
  • WAZA’s decision to suspend the Delhi zoo’s membership is primarily due to the substandard conditions in which Shankar, the African elephant, is kept. 
  • The elephant’s solitary confinement and past chaining violate WAZA’s ethical standards, which emphasize respectful and dignified treatment of animals. 
  • These guidelines stress the importance of appropriate care and social interaction, particularly for social animals like elephants.
• Regaining the membership
  • To regain its membership, the Delhi Zoo must submit a six-month action plan by April 7, 2025, outlining either the relocation of Shankar to a more suitable facility or significant improvements in his current living conditions. 

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Animal Welfare

• Animal welfare refers to the physical and emotional state that is impacted by the environment in which the animal lives and works, human attitudes and practices, and resources available to it.
• The Five Freedoms outline five aspects of animal welfare under human control. 
  • They were developed in response to a 1965 UK Government report on livestock husbandry.
  • They were formalized in a 1979 press statement by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council.

Dimensions of Animal Protection in the Indian Legal System

• The first type focuses on protecting animals to improve agriculture, leading to the development of animal husbandry with an emphasis on farm animals. The state has the responsibility of protecting these animals through legislation / penal code. 
  • For Example: Article 48 of the Indian Constitution or enactment of laws like cattle protection etc
• Second type of animal protection is as part of preservation / conservation Overview on non-human beings mainly based on environmental utility under international conventions or treaties during 1940s or more precisely 1970s.
  • For Example: Article 48A, 51A (g) and entry of 17B in concurrent list of schedule VII in the Indian Constitution.
• Third type of animal protection is purely based on welfare ethics and morality and this is the oldest form of animal rights. Here animals are protected only for their welfare not for human resource or environmental biodiversity. 
  • For Example: Entry 17 in concurrent list of schedule VII in Indian Constitution.

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Approaches of Animal Welfare

• Scientific Approach:
  • Animal welfare scientists use a scientific, evidence-based approach to evaluate animal well-being by examining both the animal’s physical and psychological state and its environment. 
•  Animal Rights Approach: 
• • It advocates a philosophical and legal stance, arguing that animals have intrinsic value independent of their usefulness to humans. 
  • It advocates not only for improved living conditions and basic needs fulfillment but also against any human use of animals, including for food, clothing, research, or entertainment. 
  • In essence, animal welfare is grounded in scientific observation, while animal rights is rooted in ethical principles and legal arguments.

Constitutional Provisions

• Article 48A: It directs the State to “endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.” 
• Article 51A(g): It mandates that every citizen “protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.”  
• Article 21: The Right to Life has been interpreted by courts to include the right to a healthy environment, which indirectly supports animal welfare.
• Article 243G: The Constitution provides that Panchayat (local self government) may make laws on the following: “animal husbandry, dairying and poultry, and fisheries”

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Legal Provisions

• The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (PCA Act): 
  • This is the primary legislation for animal welfare in India. 
  • It defines “animal,” outlines various forms of cruelty, and provides for penalties. 
  • It also allows for the establishment of organizations like the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI).  
• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: This Act primarily focuses on the protection of wild animals and their habitats, regulating hunting, trade, and poaching.  
• Indian Penal Code (IPC): Several sections of the IPC, such as Section 428 and 429, deal with offenses related to killing, maiming, or injuring animals.

Challenges in  Animal Welfare

• Animal experimentation: Animal experimentation is a contentious issue where non-human animals are used in laboratories to conduct tests, experiments, and research for various biological problems. 
• Animal Fights: Animal fights, such as dogfighting, cockfighting, and bullfighting, are illegal in India but remain prevalent, especially in rural areas. 
  • These cruel practices involve training animals to fight for the entertainment and financial gain of spectators, often resulting in severe injuries or death for the animals involved.
• Manipulation of Genetics: Transgenic animals, created for higher productivity or specific traits, may suffer from health issues and reduced well-being.
  • In India, while there is no specific law addressing animal cruelty related to genetic modification, regulations under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, govern genetically modified organisms and their products
• Circus: Circuses, often marketed as entertainment, have a dark side where animals endure abuse and torture behind the scenes.
• Illegal Trading/Smuggling of Animals: The illegal trading and smuggling of animals pose significant threats to wildlife conservation efforts.
• Public health concerns: Poor animal welfare practices, such as the transport of wild animals through the illegal wildlife trade, can contribute to the spread of diseases that can affect both animals and humans. 

Role of Technology in Animal welfare

• Monitoring and Surveillance:
  • Wearable Sensors: 
    • Devices like smart collars and ear tags with GPS trackers, accelerometers, and physiological sensors can monitor an animal’s location, activity levels, heart rate, body temperature, and other vital signs. 
    • This allows for early detection of illness, injury, or distress.
    • Example: Dairy farmers use activity trackers on cows to detect changes in behavior that may indicate estrus (heat) or health problems like lameness.  
  • Camera Systems: 
    • Video surveillance and thermal imaging can monitor animal behavior, movement, and social interactions in various environments, from farms to zoos. 
    • Example: In poultry farms, cameras can monitor stocking density and bird behavior to ensure that birds have enough space and are not exhibiting signs of stress like feather pecking.  

Way Forward

• Increased public awareness and education: Schools and universities can incorporate animal welfare curricula, fostering empathy and compassion in future generations.
• Promoting Ethical Practices for a Harmonious Human-Animal Relationship: By promoting responsible pet ownership, encouraging adoption instead of purchasing animals, and discouraging practices like animal fighting, society can cultivate a more harmonious relationship between humans and animals.
• Strengthening Legislative Framework: Amend outdated laws like the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. Further, Introduction of stricter penalties for animal cruelty offenses.
• Encouraging Community Involvement: By enhancing  partnerships with NGOs and local communities, animal welfare can be a step up.

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Conclusion

• In the pursuit of animal welfare, India stands at a crossroads where tradition meets progress. Recognizing the intrinsic value of all living beings and striving for their humane treatment defines the character of a nation. 
• As Indian philosopher Mahatma Gandhi once said, “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.” 

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IndiaAI has invited expressions of interest (EOI) for collaborative proposals for undertaking ‘safe & trusted’ AI projects, including establishing ethical AI frameworks and creating AI risk assessment and management tools and deepfake detection tools.

AI Ethics

• Definition: AI ethics is the multidisciplinary study of moral principles applied to AI systems, focusing on maximizing AI’s beneficial impact while minimizing risks and adverse outcomes.
• Increasing adoption of AI in governance, medicine, education, finance, and defense raises critical ethical issues.

Purpose of IndiaAI’s proposal to call for ethical AI

• To advance the responsible adoption of AI by creating guardrails for ethical use under the Safe & Trusted AI pillar of the IndiaAI Mission.
• To promote transparency, accountability, fairness, and societal awareness in AI applications.

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Importance of AI Ethics

• Ensuring Fairness and Reducing Bias: AI systems can inherit biases from training data, leading to discriminatory practices.
  • A Capgemini survey revealed that 85% of organizations encountered ethical concerns in their AI implementations​.
• Safeguarding Privacy and Data Protection: AI relies on large datasets, raising concerns about misuse of personal information.
  • Recently, ANI sued OpenAI for unauthorized use of copyrighted news articles​.
• Promoting Transparency and Accountability: Transparent AI ensures public trust and helps assign responsibility for decisions.
  • The “black box problem” in deep learning models makes AI decision-making opaque, hindering accountability.
• Preventing Security Risks and Misuse: Adversarial attacks on AI systems can lead to catastrophic outcomes in critical domains.
  • AI-enabled cyberattacks, such as deepfakes, are rising; e.g., the fake video of Ukrainian President Zelenskyy surrendering during the Russia-Ukraine conflict​.
• Fostering Inclusive Growth: Ethical AI ensures benefits reach all sections of society, avoiding digital divides.
  • AI solutions like NIRAMAI (early breast cancer detection) must address inclusivity to ensure adoption in rural areas​.
  • The “AI for All” strategy by India aims to democratize AI benefits across underserved communities​.
• Building Public Trust in AI Systems: Ethical AI usage fosters trust, ensuring widespread adoption and acceptance.
  • Ethical guidelines for facial recognition by Microsoft and Google improved user trust.

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Challenges for India in Ethical Use of AI

• Data Privacy and Protection: India lacks a comprehensive data protection law, making it difficult to regulate how AI systems collect and use data.
  • The absence of strong privacy laws like the EU’s GDPR raises concerns about misuse of personal data by AI applications.
• Bias and Discrimination in AI Models: Training datasets often reflect social, cultural, and systemic biases, leading to discriminatory AI decisions.
  • A NITI Aayog report highlights the need for inclusive datasets that reflect India’s linguistic and cultural diversity.
• Digital Divide: Unequal access to AI technologies and infrastructure limits ethical and inclusive AI adoption in rural and underserved areas.
  • AI applications like e-health solutions remain inaccessible to marginalized communities due to lack of internet penetration.
• Dual-Use Nature of Technology: The dual-use nature of AI poses challenges for India, enabling both beneficial applications (e.g., healthcare, security) and harmful misuse (e.g., surveillance, deepfakes), requiring robust regulations, ethical oversight, and public awareness.
• Lack of AI Regulations and Standards: India lacks specific regulations to govern AI development and deployment, leaving ethical concerns unaddressed.
  • The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) recently initiated work on AI standards, but progress is slow.
• AI Governance: India lacks a centralized regulatory framework to govern the ethical use of AI across sectors. Overlapping responsibilities between MeitY, NITI Aayog, and other bodies create ambiguities in AI governance.
  • A dedicated AI ethics and governance body, similar to Singapore’s Model AI Governance Framework, has not yet been established in India.
• Job Displacement and Economic Inequality: Rapid automation through AI could lead to large-scale unemployment, especially in sectors like manufacturing and services.
  • AI-powered chatbots and automation in customer service roles threaten millions of jobs in India’s BPO sector.
  • It is estimated that 800 million jobs could be displaced globally by automation by 2030 (McKinsey Global Institute).
• Lack of Skilled Workforce: India faces a shortage of skilled professionals trained in AI ethics, governance, and technical domains.
  • Ethical AI design requires cross-disciplinary expertise in technology, law, and social sciences, which is currently lacking.
  • NASSCOM reported in 2021 that India needs 2 million AI professionals, but the current talent pool is much smaller.
• Use of AI in Surveillance: AI-powered surveillance systems risk violating privacy and civil liberties if misused.
  • The deployment of facial recognition systems in public spaces has raised concerns about mass surveillance without adequate oversight.
  • A 2021 report by Freedom House classified India as “partly free” in terms of digital rights, highlighting risks of AI misuse.
• International Human Rights Matters: The use of AI in areas like surveillance, predictive policing, and border control risks violating international human rights standards.
  • India is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, requiring adherence to principles that protect individual freedoms and rights.
• Cross-Border Data Flow and Sovereignty: Dependence on foreign AI technologies and data storage raises issues of data sovereignty and security.
  • India banned TikTok in 2020 over data sovereignty and security concerns, alleging unauthorized access to Indian user data by its China-based parent company, ByteDance.
• Public Awareness and Trust: Limited public understanding of AI ethics reduces trust and adoption.
  • Misuse of deepfakes and AI-generated misinformation has increased skepticism about AI technologies.
  • A Pew Research Center survey found that 60% of Indians are concerned about AI replacing jobs and privacy violations.

Indian Initiatives Promoting Ethical AI

• NITI Aayog’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (NSAI)
  • Focuses on leveraging AI for social and economic benefits while emphasizing ethical principles such as privacy, transparency, and accountability.
  • Introduced the concept of “Responsible AI for All” to ensure inclusive and equitable AI development in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and education.
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
  • Established a committee for setting standards in AI, focusing on ethics, privacy, safety, and interoperability.
  • Collaborates with international organizations like ISO to align Indian standards with global best practices.
• Personal Data Protection Act 2023
  • Aims to regulate the use of personal data by AI systems, ensuring data privacy and security.
  • Proposes data localization and stringent penalties for misuse of personal information.
• Digital India Programme
  • Focuses on digital empowerment and AI adoption while promoting ethical considerations like accessibility and inclusivity.
  • Encourages the development of AI solutions tailored for underserved regions and diverse linguistic groups.
• AI Pe Charcha (AI Dialogue)
  • It is a series of panel discussions on artificial intelligence (AI) organized by the National eGovernance Division (NeGD) of the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).
  • The AI Pe Charcha series was launched as part of India’s first global AI summit, Responsible AI for Social Empowerment (RAISE) in 2020.
• Responsible AI for Youth Programme
  • Launched by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) to inculcate awareness of AI ethics among school students in 2022.
  • Focuses on educating the next generation about ethical implications of AI, such as privacy and fairness.
• National AI Portal (IndiaAI)
  • A government initiative to promote AI awareness and provide updates on ethical AI practices in India.
  • Acts as a hub for information on India’s AI policies, projects, and ethical standards.
• G20 New Delhi declaration: 
  • Use of AI as a tool for solving challenges, achieving Sustainable Development Goals and achieving overall public good.
  • Attributes of the AI system as responsible, safe, inclusive and human-centric
  • Responsible AI to be ensured through transparency, accountability, explainability and respect for human rights including privacy.
  • Adoption of a pro-innovation approach that encourages equitable sharing of benefits while mitigating risks.

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Global Initiatives Promoting Ethical AI

• OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) established principles for trustworthy AI.
  • Emphasizes human-centered values, transparency, accountability, and robustness.
  • Endorsed by 46 countries, these principles guide governments in creating ethical AI policies.
• UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
  • A global framework adopted by UNESCO in 2021 to ensure ethical AI use.
  • Focuses on inclusion, sustainability, privacy, and data protection.
• European Union (EU) Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI
  • Developed by the EU’s High-Level Expert Group on AI to ensure responsible AI deployment.
  • Includes seven principles: accountability, fairness, transparency, safety, privacy, inclusivity, and societal well-being.
• Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI
  • An initiative from Canada emphasizing AI’s ethical use in society.
  • Focuses on equity, fairness, respect for autonomy, and protecting the environment.
• GPAI (Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence)
  • A collaborative effort by 29 countries, including India, to advance ethical and inclusive AI.
  • Focuses on bias reduction, data governance, and ensuring AI benefits are shared equitably.
• IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems
  • Develops standards for ethical AI use, focusing on transparency, accountability, and human rights.
  • Standards like IEEE P7000 outline processes for ethically aligning AI technologies.

Way Forward for Ethical AI in India

• Establish a Comprehensive Legal Framework: Implement robust laws for data protection, AI governance, and ethical standards.
  • A law similar to the EU’s GDPR can regulate data usage by AI systems.
• Promote Indigenous AI Research and Development: Invest in AI research tailored to India’s diverse needs and values.
  • Encourage collaborations between government, academia, and industry to create inclusive and culturally sensitive AI solutions.
• Develop Ethical AI Standards: Establish AI standards through the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for fairness, transparency, and accountability.
  • Standards aligned with international frameworks like OECD principles can ensure ethical global collaboration.
• Bridge the Digital Divide: Ensure equitable access to AI technologies across rural and underserved areas.
  • Strengthen infrastructure like internet connectivity and AI literacy programs to reduce disparities in AI adoption.
• Build Awareness and Ethical Capacity: Conduct public awareness campaigns and introduce AI ethics as part of educational curricula.
  • Train stakeholders, including policymakers, developers, and the public, on ethical AI practices.
• Establish a Regulatory Body for AI Oversight: Create an independent regulatory authority to oversee AI deployments and enforce ethical practices.
  • This body should monitor AI systems for compliance, assess risks, and address grievances.

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Conclusion

AI offers incredible potential for progress and problem-solving, but without strong ethical guidelines, it risks causing serious harm. Therefore, as AI development and deployment advance, adhering to ethical AI principles is crucial to ensure this technology benefits all of humanity.

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Authorities in Russia’s southern Krasnodar region declared a region-wide emergency after a storm damaged two  tankers in the Kerch Strait near Anapa.

About Oil Spill

• An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment, primarily the marine ecosystem. 
• It’s a form of pollution that can have devastating consequences for wildlife, marine habitats, and coastal economies.

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Sources of oil spills

• Accidents involving tankers, barges, and other vessels: Collisions, groundings, and equipment failures can lead to oil spills.
• Offshore oil operations: Drilling rigs, pipelines, and production platforms can experience leaks or blowouts.
• Pipelines: Ruptured pipelines due to corrosion, ground movement, or construction accidents can release oil into the environment.
• Refineries and storage facilities: Equipment failures, leaks, and spills during storage or transportation can occur.
• Natural disasters: Storms, hurricanes, and earthquakes can damage oil infrastructure and cause spills.
• Human error: Mistakes during oil transfer operations, maintenance, or other activities can contribute to spills.

Impact of Oil Pollution

• Threat to Biodiversity
  • Marine Mammals: Face poisoning, hypothermia, and respiratory damage due to oil inhalation or ingestion.
  • Coral Reefs: Risk smothering from oil, which reduces photosynthesis and leads to coral death.
  • Mangroves and Marshes: Experience long-term damage as oil sticks to roots and stems, causing suffocation and death.
• Fisheries Sector: Pollution disrupts fish stocks, affecting ecosystems and livelihoods dependent on fishing.
• Health Risks
  • Direct contact with oil leads to skin irritation, burns, and allergic reactions.
  • Inhalation of toxic fumes harms the respiratory system.

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Remedial Measures for Cleaning Oil Spills

• Physical Methods
  • Booms: Floating barriers to contain the spread of oil on the water’s surface.
  • Skimmers: Devices used to physically remove oil from the water.
  • Sorbents: Materials like sponges or pads that absorb or adsorb oil.
• Chemical and Biological Methods
  • Dispersants: Chemicals that break down oil into smaller droplets for natural microbial degradation.
  • Bioremediation: Use of oil-degrading bacteria or enzymes, such as Oilzapper and Oilivorous-S.
    • Bioaugmentation: Introduction of specific microorganisms.
    • Biostimulation: Enhancing conditions for existing microbes.
• Magnetic Nanoparticles: These tiny particles can be coated with oil-absorbing materials and then magnetically guided to collect spilled oil, enabling efficient and targeted removal

Initiatives to check oil pollution

• National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan of 1996 (NOS-DCP): This plan outlines procedures for responding to oil spills, including prevention, preparedness, containment, and cleanup in India. It establishes a national oil spill emergency organization and designates response agencies.
• International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC 90): This treaty provides a framework for international cooperation in responding to oil spills, including sharing information and resources.
• International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC): This treaty establishes a system of civil liability for oil pollution damage caused by ships.
• International Fund for Pollution Damage (Fund): This international fund provides compensation for oil pollution damage that exceeds the limits of shipowner liability under the CLC.
• Voluntary Shipping Emission Control Areas (SECAs): These are designated areas where stricter emission control standards apply to ships. SECAs have been established in several parts of the world, including the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the North American coast.
• Technological advancements: New technologies are being developed to prevent and clean up oil spills, such as oil spill dispersants, oil skimmers, and bioremediation techniques.

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Instances of GPS interference, including spoofing, have significantly increased near India’s borders with Pakistan and Myanmar, areas among the top five globally for such occurrences, according to OPSGROUP, a collective of 8,000 aviation personnel.

Key Observation made about GPS interference

• Spoofing: A cyberattack using false GPS signals to mislead navigation equipment, often seen in conflict zones.
• Global Increase: Daily impacted flights rose from 300 in January to 1,500 by August 2024.
• India’s Vulnerability: The Delhi Flight Information Region ranked ninth globally, with 316 aircraft impacted by spoofing between July and August.
• Specific Incidents: Pilots flying out of Amritsar frequently report losing GPS systems. Flights to Gulf destinations and Southeast Asia via Myanmar also experience interference.
• Recent Accident: Spoofing contributed to the December 25 Azerbaijan Airlines crash that killed 38 people, with Russia apologizing for air defense actions amid drone attacks.

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About GPS Interference

• GPS interference disrupts the reception of signals from GPS satellites, hindering accurate location and timing information.
• Different types of GPS Interference:
• • Jamming: Intentional interference using strong signals that overwhelm GPS signals.
  • Spoofing: Malicious transmissions of false GPS data, deceiving receivers about their location.
  • Natural Interference: Atmospheric conditions (ionospheric disturbances) and solar activity can distort GPS signals.
  • Man-made Interference: Radio frequency interference from electronic devices, communication systems, and industrial equipment.
• These interferences can impact navigation, timing systems, and various applications relying on GPS technology.

About Spoofing

• Spoofing is a cybersecurity technique where an attacker disguises their identity as a trusted source to gain unauthorized access or deceive victims.
• These techniques exploit trust and vulnerabilities to deceive victims and gain unauthorized access to systems or data.

Some common types of Spoofing are

• Email Spoofing: Forging the sender’s address in emails to trick recipients into opening malicious attachments or clicking on harmful links.
• IP Spoofing: Masking the origin of network traffic to appear as if it’s coming from a legitimate source, allowing attackers to bypass security measures.
• DNS Spoofing: Manipulating Domain Name System records to redirect users to malicious websites instead of the intended destination.
• Caller ID Spoofing: Displaying a fake phone number on the caller ID to trick recipients into answering calls from scammers.
• GPS Spoofing: Interfering with GPS signals to provide inaccurate location information, potentially leading to navigation errors or security breaches.

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About GPS Spoofing

• GPS Spoofing refers to the act of manipulating or deceiving a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.
• It misleads the GPS receiver into providing inaccurate location data by making it believe it is in a different location.
• GPS data is crucial for applications such as navigation, time synchronization, and more.
• Spoofing is distinct from GPS jamming, where GPS signals are blocked or jammed entirely.

How Does GPS Spoofing Work?

Exploiting Weak Signals

• GPS spoofing exploits the weak signal strength of GPS satellites.
• Satellites transmit signals that Earth-based receivers analyze to determine their location by calculating the signal’s travel time.

Use of Fake Signals

• Attackers transmit fake GPS signals that are stronger than authentic ones, overpowering the legitimate signals.
• These counterfeit signals mislead the receiver into calculating inaccurate location data.

Attacker Methods: Attackers study a victim’s GPS setup to create counterfeit signals that closely mimic authentic ones, ensuring effective deception.

Impact of Spoofing

• Loss of Situational Awareness: Spoofing disrupts the pilot’s understanding of the aircraft’s position, potentially leading to incorrect flight paths and increased risk of collisions.
• Degraded Navigation Systems: Aircraft heavily rely on GPS for precise navigation. Spoofing can render these systems unreliable, forcing pilots to rely on less accurate backup systems.
• False Warnings and Alerts: Spoofing can trigger false alarms, such as ground proximity warnings or terrain alerts, creating confusion and potentially distracting the pilot.
• Difficulty Maintaining Control: Pilots describe the experience as “flying with hands tied” due to the uncertainty and lack of trust in their primary navigation systems.
• Increased Risk of Accidents: The combination of these factors significantly increases the risk of mid-air collisions, ground collisions, and other aviation accidents.

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Mitigation Efforts to tackle GPS Interference 

• International Cooperation: The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) has emphasized the need for international cooperation and coordination to address the escalating issue of GNSS interference.
  • This includes ensuring that intentional disruptions for security purposes are conducted in a manner that minimizes the impact on civil aviation.
• Enhanced Surveillance and Monitoring: Implementing robust systems to detect and monitor GPS interference activities is crucial. This includes developing and deploying advanced sensors and signal processing techniques to identify sources of interference and track their activities.
  • In November 2023, India’s DGCA advised airlines to create standard procedures and submit bi-monthly reports on GPS interference, though this data remains unavailable publicly.
• Technological Advancements: Investing in and developing more resilient GNSS receivers and navigation systems that are less susceptible to interference is essential.
  • This could involve implementing techniques such as signal processing algorithms, multi-constellation receivers, and the use of alternative navigation systems like inertial navigation systems (INS) and radar.
• Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing clear and enforceable regulations to prohibit and deter malicious GPS interference activities. 
  • This includes international agreements and national legislation that address both intentional and unintentional interference sources.

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Indian coffee exports crossed the $1 billion mark for the first time in FY24, showcasing the growing global recognition of Indian coffee, according to data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE).

Key Highlights on Coffee Export

• Record Exports: Indian coffee exports between April and November FY24 reached $1,146.9 million, a 29% rise from $803.8 million last year and nearly double the $460 million in FY21.
• Growth Drivers: A surge in Robusta coffee prices and stockpiling by European buyers ahead of the EU’s deforestation regulation fueled export growth.
• Price Surge: Global Robusta prices hit multi-decade highs, peaking at $4,667 per metric ton in June 2024, marking a 63% annual increase.
• Market Trends: Supply constraints in Brazil and Vietnam, caused by adverse weather, created opportunities for Indian coffee in the premium export segment.
• Key Destinations: The European Union, with Italy, Belgium, and Germany as major buyers, accounts for nearly 50% of India’s coffee exports, followed by the US, Russia, and the UAE.

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Climatic Conditions Required for Coffee Production

• Coffee cultivation thrives in a hot and humid climate.
• The ideal temperature range for coffee growth is between 15°C and 28°C.
• The crop requires annual rainfall between 150 cm and 250 cm.
• Well-drained, loamy soils enriched with humus and minerals such as iron and calcium are ideal for coffee cultivation.
• Coffee is typically grown under shady trees.
• Dry weather is essential during the ripening stage of the coffee berries.
• Coffee plants are cultivated on hill slopes at elevations ranging from 600 to 1,600 meters above sea level.

About Coffee Production in India

• Global Position: India ranks as the seventh-largest coffee producer globally, following Brazil (the largest producer contributing 40% of global production), Vietnam (20%), Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Uganda.
• India is the fifth-largest coffee exporter after Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia.
• Varieties Produced: India primarily grows two varieties of coffee: Arabica and Robusta.
  • Arabica is cultivated at higher altitudes and is valued for its superior aroma, resulting in a higher market price.
  • Robusta is known for its strength and is widely used in blends, making it the dominant variety, accounting for 72% of India’s total coffee production.
• State-Wise Production:
  • Karnataka is the leading coffee-producing state in India, contributing 70% of the country’s total production.
  • Kerala follows with 23%, and Tamil Nadu accounts for 5%. 
  • Other contributors include Odisha and the northeastern states.

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About Coffee Board

• Statutory Body: The Coffee Board of India was established under the Coffee Act VII of 1942.
  • It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Headquarters and Structure: The Coffee Board is headquartered in Bengaluru and consists of 33 members, including the Chairperson, who serves as the Chief Executive.

Challenges for Indian Coffee Exporter

• EU’s Deforestation Regulation (EUDR): EUDR aimed at curbing products sourced from deforested land, poses compliance challenges for Indian exporters.
  • India’s agricultural exports to the EU, valued at $1.3 billion, are at risk of higher costs due to stricter compliance mechanisms under the EUDR and the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR).
  • Products most affected include coffee, leather, paper products, and wooden furniture.

Challenges in coffee production

• Pests and Diseases: Coffee leaf rust (la roya) and pests like the coffee berry borer affect crop yield and quality, with resistant varieties becoming susceptible over time.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall reduce Arabica’s fertile land, increase pest activity, and disrupt harvest patterns.
• Unpredictable Weather: Sudden rains cause cherry splitting, fermentation, and inconsistent ripening, impacting coffee flavor and specialty grade status.
• Labour Shortages: Aging farmer populations and lack of pickers for manual harvesting raise costs and force automation.
• Price Fluctuations: Unstable commodity prices and high production costs create unreliable incomes, deterring investment in specialty coffee.

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Conclusion

India’s coffee sector is making remarkable strides in the global market, driven by rising demand, competitive pricing, and premium quality. However, challenges from stringent EU regulations underscore the need for exporters to adapt to evolving compliance requirements to sustain this growth trajectory.

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India’s coastal security is under scrutiny as 13 coastal states and Union Territories report critical issues, including non-operational patrol boats, staff shortages, and insufficient funds for training and infrastructure under the Coastal Security Scheme (CSS). 

• A committee under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has been tasked with visiting these regions to assess the implementation and formulate CSS Phase III.

About the Coastal Security Scheme (CSS)

• Launch and Objective: Introduced in 2005-06, the CSS aims to strengthen coastal security by equipping states and UTs with the necessary infrastructure and resources to conduct effective marine patrolling.
• The scheme supplements efforts by the Navy and Coast Guard to enhance coastal safety and prevent unauthorized activities along India’s 7,516.6 km coastline.

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Phases of Implementation

• Phase I (2005-2011):
  • Budget: ₹646 crore over six years.
• Phase II (2011-2020):
  • Budget: ₹1,579.91 crore.
• Implementation OF CSS : Managed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), the scheme relies on coordination with state and UT governments for infrastructure, manpower, and operational readiness.

Challenges Reported

• Non-Operational Equipment: Many states, such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, reported that the majority of boats provided under CSS Phase I are non-functional due to expired maintenance contracts or damage.
• Insufficient Infrastructure: States like West Bengal and Puducherry flagged inadequate funds for jetty construction and incomplete police stations.
• Manpower Shortages: Several states, including Karnataka, rely on outsourced or deputed personnel, with no dedicated marine police staff.

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Recommendations for Phase III of CSS

• Procurement of larger, more stable, and cost-efficient boats.
• Insurance coverage for marine police personnel.
• Enhanced training programs for handling marine equipment and operations.
• This evaluation highlights the urgent need for reforms to address existing gaps and strengthen India’s coastal security framework.

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Judiciary being an integral part of the functioning of any country cannot be immune from Dissent, both amongst themselves and on societal level. 

About Dissent

• Dissent is strong disagreement or dissatisfaction with a decision or opinion, especially one that is supported by most people or by people in authority.
• Constitutional Status for Dissent: The Right to Dissent is indirectly acknowledged as a  Fundamental Right in India through interpretation of  Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. The combination of these three specific rights enables Indians to express their contrasting views
  • Article 19 clause (a):It grants all the citizens the right to freedom of speech and expression.
  • Article 19 clause (b): It provides them with the right to assemble peaceably and without any arms.
  • Article 19 clause ©: It ensures citizens the freedom to form unions or associations. 
• Dissent and Democracy: It is the bedrock upon which vibrant democracies are built. In societies that value freedom, the right to question, challenge, and even criticize is not merely tolerated but celebrated as an essential component of civic life.
• Importance of Dissent in Democracy:
  • No Dissent, No Democracy: A democracy by definition is a system where leadership is elected by diverse people with diverse opinions, who all have a right to pursue their own interests and represent their opinion. A Democracy thus can function only when dissent is tolerated and encouraged.
  • Protects Civil Rights: Dissent and disagreement are important to protect the civil rights of the citizens especially the underrepresented and marginalised.
  • To Restrict Majoritarianism: Majoritarianism is the antithesis of democracy as it does not demand accountability.
  • Enables Citizen Participation: Democracy essence is the Participation of every citizen not only in the electoral process but also in the running of the country. This right becomes meaningless if that person cannot criticize the actions of the government

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Example of Dissent In Judiciary

Indian judicial dissents over the years varied from political, to social to purely intellectual disagreements.

• Against Political Opinion: The Indian judicial appointments through the collegium system has saved it from overt association with the political thought of the time. Notable political dissenting remarks from the judges are,
  • ADM Jabalpur (1976) Case: Justice H.R. Khanna dissented with the majority panel on the question whether enforcement of fundamental rights including Article 21, remained suspended during the national emergency under Article 359.
  • P.V. Narasimha Rao (1998) Case: Justices S.C. Agarwal and A.S. Anand dissented with the majority opinion that accepting bribes for voting in Parliament was covered under parliamentary privilege and enjoyed immunity from prosecution.
    • In the Sita Soren (2023) case, the SC overruled such an expanded view of immunity.
• Against Societal Questions: A dissent could also reflect a different social understanding or implication of a legal issue.
  • Shayara Bano (2017) Case: Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority, which struck down triple talaq for violating the rights of life of Muslim women and were of the opinion that only the legislature can intervene in socially unacceptable practices in different religions and not the courts.
  • Aishat Shifa (2022) Case: There were 2 different opinions stemming from different understandings of secularism on the question whether the State could enforce a universal dress code in schools.
• Intellectual Critique: A dissent could also be plainly intellectual like,
  • Lalta Prasad Vaish (2024) Case: Justice B.V. Nagarathna disagreed with the majority judgement and remarked that States could not tax industrial alcohol.
    • The disagreement was on the interpretation of the term ‘intoxicating liquor’ under Entry 8 of List 2 in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution and solely based on the interpretation of the text of the Constitution.

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The Congress party has demanded a memorial to be built at the designated place of the cremation of the Former Prime Minister, Late Dr. Manmohan Singh.

• Mr. Singh was cremated at the Nigambodh Ghat in Central Delhi, a first for any former PM.
• The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) declared seven days of State mourning and announced a state funeral for the dignitary. 

Memorials for Former Prime Ministers

• Rule: There are certain guidelines which exist for State funerals but no specific rule or government order regarding allocation of space for memorials for former PMs.
• Convention: Conducting the last rites of the former Prime Minister on a general cremation ground is a departure from convention, whereby former PMs have been cremated at designated places.
• Maintenance: The Ministry of Urban Development looks after the upkeep and maintenance of the Samadhis adjacent to Rajghat, Morarji Desai’s Samadhi at Abhay Ghat at Ahmedabad and the Rajiv Gandhi Memorial at Sriperumbudur.
  • The memorials of other various personalities are maintained by the respective State Governments and local municipalities.
• For Former PMs: Except PM Vishwanath Pratap Singh, all other former PMs have memorials dedicated to them, majorly in Raj Ghat Complex, Delhi and other parts of the country.
  • In 2013, due to paucity of space, the government decided to build all future memorials at Smriti Sthal.

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Wayanad landslides a ‘disaster of severe nature,’

Context: The Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) considers the Meppadi landslides in Wayanad as a “disaster of severe nature” due to their intensity and magnitude.

• The Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) is an executive body constituted by the central government to assess the impact and damage caused by significant natural disasters

About Disaster

• A disaster is defined in the Disaster Management Act, 2005 as a catastrophe, mishap, or calamity caused by natural, man-made, accidental, or negligent factors.

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Guidelines on ‘National Calamity’

• According to the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) guidelines, there is no provision to declare any disaster as a ‘national calamity.’
• However, financial aid is provided based on the disaster’s severity, as assessed by the IMCT.
• Financial Assistance and Relief
  • For disasters of severe nature, financial assistance for notified natural disasters, including landslides, is covered under the SDRF.
  • Additional funds may be provided from the NDRF, following an assessment by the IMCT.
• Factors Considered for Declaring Severe Calamities
  • Intensity and Magnitude: The scale and impact of the disaster.
  • Assistance Required: The level of external help needed by the state.
  • State Capacity: The ability of the state to manage the situation.
  • Flexibility in Relief Plans: Availability of alternatives within disaster relief plans.

India to host– WAVES for first time in 2025

Context:  Prime Minister  announced during his ‘Mann Ki Baat’ program that India will host the World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) for the first time in 2025 in Goa.

About WAVES

• It refers to the World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit.
• It is a global platform aimed at fostering dialogue, trade collaboration, and innovation in the media and entertainment industry.
• Features of WAVES 2025
  • Organizers: Jointly organized by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, and the Goa government.

CPGRAMS

Context: Between 2022 and 2024, CPGRAMS successfully resolved over 70 lakh grievances, contributing to a more responsive and effective governance system in India.

About CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System)

• CPGRAMS serves as a vital mechanism to bridge the gap between citizens and the government by addressing concerns efficiently.
• An Online Platform CPGRAMS is an online platform accessible to citizens 24/7, enabling them to lodge grievances related to service delivery by public authorities.
• Unique Registration ID: Every grievance registered on CPGRAMS is assigned a unique registration ID, which allows citizens to track the progress of their complaints.
• Single Integrated Portal: The platform serves as a unified portal connecting all Ministries and Departments of the Government of India and various State Governments.
• Easy Access:  CPGRAMS is accessible to the citizens through standalone mobile applications downloadable through Google Play store and mobile applications integrated with UMANG.
• Development and Monitoring: Developed by the National Informatics Centre, (MeitY), in association with the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions
• Global Recognition: CPGRAMS has received international acclaim, with the Commonwealth Secretariat recognizing it as a best practice in governance, suitable for replication across Commonwealth nations.
• Reduced Grievance Redressal Timeline: The time taken for grievance redressal has been reduced from 30 days to 21 days, ensuring faster resolution of issues.

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Cold Wave

Context: IMD reports intensified cold wave conditions in Kashmir, with fresh spells of snowfall expected in early January due to two approaching Western Disturbances (WD).

About Cold wave

Definition of Cold Wave by IMD

For Plains

• Temperature Threshold: Minimum temperature is ≤10°C at a weather station.
  • Temperature deviation is 4.5°C to 6.4°C below normal for that period.
• Severe Cold Wave: Minimum temperature falls below 2°C, or Temperature deviation is more than 6.5°C below normal for that period.
• Alternative Criteria: A cold wave is also declared if the minimum temperature ≤4°C.

For Hilly Regions

• Temperature Threshold: Minimum temperature is ≤0°C.
  • Alternatively, a deviation of 4.5°C or more below normal is also considered.

Core Cold Wave Zone in India: The regions classified under India’s ‘core cold wave zone’ include:

• Northern States: Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh.
• Central States: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
• Eastern States: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha.
• Southern State: Telangana.
• Condition During Cold Wave in Kashmir : Kashmir is in the midst of Chillai-Kalan (Dec 21–Jan 30) i.e. forty days of intense cold, the harshest winter period.
• • Chillai-Kalan will be followed by Chillai-Khurd (20 days) and Chillai-Bachha (10 days), extending cold conditions into February.

About Western Disturbances

• Western Disturbances (WDs) are extra-tropical storms originating in the Mediterranean region.
• Winter Rainfall: They are a primary source of winter rainfall in northwest India and snowfall in the Himalayas.
• Impact on Agriculture: WDs are crucial for the growth of Rabi crops (wheat, barley, etc.).
• Influence on Monsoon: WDs can also influence the onset and intensity of the Indian monsoon.

NMCG’s 59th Executive Committee Meeting

Context: The 59th Executive Committee (EC) meeting of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), chaired approved critical projects worth ₹794 crores for Ganga rejuvenation across multiple states.

Key Projects Approved

• Uttar Pradesh: ₹272 crores approved for Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in Chandauli (45 MLD) and Manikpur (15 KLD), integrating solar power and eco-friendly waste management with long-term O&M.
• Bihar and West Bengal: ₹265 crores sanctioned for Buxar (50 MLD STP, sewer network) and Uttarpara-Kotrung (22 KLD treatment plant), ensuring sustainable operations through advanced models and infrastructure.

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About NMCG

• Establishment: Formed in 2011 under the Ministry of Jal Shakti , NMCG functions as the operational wing of the National Ganga Council.
• Objective: To rejuvenate the Ganga River by addressing pollution, ensuring sustainable river basin management, and conserving its cultural heritage Under Namami Gange Programme.
• Structure and Members:
  • Director-General: Heads the mission and oversees all activities.
  • Executive Committee (EC): Key decision-making body, including representatives from central ministries, state governments, and technical experts.
• Powers:
  • Approve projects and allocate funds for river cleaning and infrastructure development.
  • Monitor implementation of programs across the Ganga basin states.
  • Collaborate with state governments, private entities, and NGOs to achieve sustainable outcomes.
  • By driving these initiatives, NMCG reaffirms its commitment to a pollution-free and sustainable Ganga ecosystem.

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