France and India co-chaired the Artificial Intelligence Action Summit on 10-11 February 2025, bringing together global leaders to advance AI for public good. 

• The summit built on key milestones from the Bletchley Park (November 2023) and Seoul (May 2024) summits. 
• France welcomed India as the host of the next AI Summit.

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Key Outcomes of the Summit

• Joint Statement on “Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet”: 
  • Signed By: The Joint statement was signed by 58 countries including India, China, Brazil, France, Australia and the European Commission.
    • The United States and the United Kingdom abstained from voting.
• Public Interest AI Platform and Incubator: It has been launched to decrease division between existing public and private initiatives on Public Interest AI and address digital divides.
  • Founding Members: India, Kenya, Germany, Chile, Finland, Slovenia, France, Nigeria, Morocco
  • Aim: To co-create a trustworthy AI ecosystem advancing the public interest by supporting technical assistance and capacity building projects in data, model development, transparency, audit, compute, talent, financing and collaboration.
• The Observatory on Energy, AI and Data Centres: Countries for the first time had promoted an international discussion on AI and environment.
  • IEA will release the Observatory on Energy, AI and Data Centres in 2025.
  • It will gather the most comprehensive and recent data worldwide on AI’s electricity needs, in addition to tracking cutting-edge AI applications across the energy sector.
• Coalition for Environmentally Sustainable Artificial Intelligence (AI): It aims to strengthen sustainable AI’s place in the global discussion around AI in much the same way AI security or AI ethics are studied.
  • Initiated by: France, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• Green Digital Action Initiative: It is a multi-stakeholder initiative that is convened by the International Telecommunication Union launching a new thematic pillar on green computing with a dedicated Sustainable AI working group.
• Current AI: Current AI will fund open, accountable, and purpose-driven AI that prioritizes transparency, fairness, and global equity to prevent the harms and harness the benefits of AI.
  • Launched by: MacArthur in partnership with government, tech companies, and philanthropy with an initial $400 million investment. 
    • The partnership aims to raise a total of $2.5 billion over the next five years.
• AI for Labour: Creation of a network of Observatories, to better anticipate AI implications for workplaces, training and education and to use AI to foster productivity, skill development, quality and working conditions and social dialogue.
• Global Dialogue on AI Governance: Commitment to initiate a Global Dialogue on AI governance and the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and to align on-going governance efforts, ensuring complementarity and avoiding duplication.

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About The AI Action Summit

• The AI action summit was held on February 10-11, 2025, co-chaired by India and France.
• Existing Multilateral Initiatives on AI: The Summit acknowledged existing multilateral Initiatives on AI including,
  • The United Nations General Assembly Resolutions, the Global Digital Compact, the UNESCO Recommendation on Ethics of AI, the African Union Continental AI Strategy, The works of, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Council of Europe and European Union, the G7 including the Hiroshima AI Process and G20.
• Themes: 
  • Public Interest AI: To define, build and deliver critical open AI infrastructure for global AI sector for beneficial social, economic and environmental outcomes for public good
  • Future of Work:To promote socially responsible use of artificial intelligence through sustained social dialogue
  • Innovation and Culture: To build sustainable innovative ecosystems that work with all economic sectors, specially creative and cultural industries
  • Trust in AI: To consolidate mechanisms to build trust in AI based on a scientific consensus on safety and security issues
  • Global AI governance: To shape an inclusive and effective framework of international governance on AI.

Concerns Regarding The AI Economy

• AI-Energy Nexus: AI is a very high Energy Intensive Sector with IEA estimating that a single ChatGPT query requires 2.9 watt-hours of electricity ( 10 times higher) as compared to 0.3 watt-hours for a Google search today.
  • Data centre power demand will grow 160 per cent by 2030 and the expected rise of carbon dioxide emissions will represent a “social cost” of $125-140 billion (at present value)
• Displacement in Labour Markets: The impact of AI on the labour market, particularly entry-level jobs is a challenge for policymakers with fears of a large-scale economic displacement potentially exacerbating existing social and economic divides.
  • The International Labour Organisation estimates that nearly 75 million jobs globally are at complete risk of automation due to AI
• Automation Inequality: There is a risk of concentration of the benefits of automation in a ‘winner-takes-all’ approach to the detriment of developing countries who are labour and resource-rich worsening inequality
• Bias in AI models: Training datasets can reflect societal biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes when AI systems make decisions.
• AI Governance: The differences in approaches to AI Governance is quite evident with Europe seeking to regulate and invest, China expanding access through state-backed tech giants, and the U.S. championing a hands-off deregulation approach.
  • The Global AI Standards are in a process of development and the Developing countries risk being left out the process due to not enough AI stake.

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Way Forward

• Energy Saving AI Infrastructure: It is crucial to design AI algorithms and infrastructures that consume less energy and integrate AI into smart grids to optimise power use
• AI Institutions: Create robust institutions which could help transition workers to medium- and high-skilled jobs, where AI can augment their efforts rather than replace them.
• Skilling Initiatives: Include AI as a foundational subject in school and college curriculum and upskilling programmes for workers. 
• Free from Biases Model: Development of AI models in an open source format which is inclusive and free of constraints like language barriers .
• Break AI Infrastructure Monopoly: The monopoly of advanced nations on AI infrastructure like ( Production of Advanced AI chip by Nvidia, USA) should be restricted for a more equitable access to AI and its benefits to all economies. 

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U.S. President Trump has signed an executive order, triggering a USAid funding freeze that has disrupted global humanitarian aid efforts, with all staff put on leave and the future of the organisation unknown. 

• The freeze appears to be driven by political motives, with President Trump and his administration criticizing foreign aid as a drain on U.S. resources. 

About United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

• USAID, established in 1961, is an independent U.S. agency responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance. 
• Its mission is to promote democratic values, advance global peace and prosperity, and support U.S. security interests. 
• It operates in over 100 countries, focusing on sectors like:
  • Economic development
  • Health
  • Education
  • Food security
  • Humanitarian assistance
  • Climate change
  • Democracy and governance
• In 2024, USAID received $44.20 billion (0.4% of the U.S. federal budget) and contributed to 42% of global humanitarian aid tracked by the UN.

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Key Programs of USAID

• PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)
• Feed the Future (combating hunger)
• Power Africa (expanding electricity access)
• Water for the World Act (improving water and sanitation)

Global Impact of the Freeze

• The freeze could severely impact nations reliant on USAID funding, particularly in areas like health, climate, and development. 
• Key Concerns:
  • Health Crises: Programs like PEPFAR, which combat HIV/AIDS, are at risk, potentially reversing decades of progress.
  • Humanitarian Disasters: In conflict zones like Yemen, Sudan and Syria, the freeze could lead to increased disease outbreaks and loss of life.
  • Geopolitical Implications: The halt in aid weakens U.S. influence in regions like Africa and Southeast Asia, allowing countries like China to fill the void.
  • Marginalized Communities: LGBTQ groups, women’s organizations, and other vulnerable populations face funding cuts, threatening their survival and progress.
• Reports suggest only 294 of 10,000 USAID employees will remain, with minimal staff in critical regions like Africa and Asia.

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Impact on India

• India has been a long-standing partner of USAID, receiving aid since 1951. 
• However, funding has decreased in recent years due to India’s objections to certain grant conditions. 
• In 2024, India received $79.3 million, primarily for:
  • Health: HIV/AIDS, TB, maternal and child health, and immunization programs.
  • Economy, energy, and environmental health.
• USAID has directed all organizations implementing projects in India to suspend operations temporarily.
• Potential Impact:
  • Minimal disruption: India’s reliance on USAID has reduced, with the government increasingly funding its own development projects.
  • Healthcare concerns: Existing health programs may face challenges if state or central governments cannot fill the funding gap.

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A controversy has erupted in Parliament over the absence of 22 hand-painted illustrations in most copies of the Indian Constitution published currently. 

• The original, signed copy of the Constitution contains 22 miniatures, considered the only authentic version. 
• The illustrations correspond to the original twenty-two parts of the Constitution.

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The Artists and their Contribution

• The illustrations were conceptualized and executed by renowned artist Nandalal Bose and his team at Santiniketan.
  • A close aide of Mahatma Gandhi,  Nandalal Bose had designed posters for the Congress session at Haripura in 1938.
• His vision presented a historical narrative of India, covering periods from the Indus Valley civilization to the independence movement.
• Other key contributors include:
  • Prem Behari Narain Raizada: Calligrapher who handwritten the Constitution
  • Beohar Rammanohar Sinha: Designer of intricate patterns on the Preamble
  • Dinanath Bhargava: Sketch artist for the National Emblem

The Narrative of the Illustrations

• The illustrations follow a chronological sequence of Indian history rather than directly depicting the text of the Constitution. 
• The illustrations also showcase the diverse geography of India, from camels marching in the desert to the mighty Himalayas. 
• Each part of the Constitution features artwork representing different aspects of Indian culture, history, and governance.

Representation of Ancient and Medieval India

• Indus Valley Civilization: The Bull Seal, excavated from the Indus Valley region, is the first pictorial representation depicted in Part I (The Union and Its Territory).
• Buddhism and Jainism: Buddha appears in a meditative posture in Part V, while Mahavir is featured in Part VI.
• Hindu Epics:
  • Ramayana: A scene of Ram, Lakshman, and Sita returning to Ayodhya is included in Part III (Fundamental Rights).
  • Mahabharata: Krishna and Arjuna’s conversation before the Kurukshetra war is depicted in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy).
• Prominent Indian Monarchs:
  • Emperor Ashoka: Seen propagating Buddhism while riding an elephant in Part VII.
  • Vikramaditya: Depicted as a patron of art and culture in Part IX.
  • Chhatrapati Shivaji and Guru Gobind Singh: Featured in Part XV.
  • Rani Lakshmibai and Tipu Sultan: Illustrated together in Part XVI.

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The Freedom Struggle and National Leaders

• Mahatma Gandhi: Appears twice—leading the Dandi March and visiting riot-affected Noakhali.
• Subhas Chandra Bose: Depicted with the Azad Hind Fauj, saluting the flag against a mountainous backdrop in Part XIX.
• Nehru was also supposed to be included, but was eventually omitted.

Conclusion

The 22 illustrations in the Constitution serve as a visual representation of India’s cultural and historical heritage. While their omission in widely available copies has sparked debate, the original artwork remains preserved in Parliament, highlighting the rich legacy of Indian history and governance.

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The Supreme Court of India has raised concerns about convicted individuals returning to Parliament and State Legislatures, questioning the potential conflict of interest.

Pending Criminal Cases Against MPs/MLAs

• Around 5,000 criminal cases against MPs and MLAs are still pending, despite previous Supreme Court directions for speedy disposal.
• 42% of sitting Lok Sabha members have pending criminal cases.

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Background of the Case

• A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking a lifetime ban on convicted persons from contesting elections and holding political office was filed.
• A two-judge bench of the Supreme Court is hearing the case.
• Main Challenge: The PIL challenges the provisions of the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951 that limit the disqualification period for convicted politicians to six years after serving their sentence.

Criminalisation of Politics

• Criminalisation of politics refers to the increasing participation of individuals with criminal backgrounds in electoral politics.
• It occurs when politicians, lawmakers, or candidates involved in serious crimes such as corruption, murder, extortion, and rape enter legislative bodies. 
• This trend weakens democracy, erodes public trust, and hampers good governance.

Causes of Criminalisation of Politics 

• Nexus Between Politicians and Criminals: Politicians often establish alliances with criminal elements to benefit from their resources and influence during elections. 
• Vote-Bank Politics: Political parties sometimes nominate candidates with criminal backgrounds to secure votes from specific communities or regions.
• Corruption and Black Money: The infusion of illicit funds into the political system enables candidates with criminal ties to finance extensive campaigns
• Weak Law Enforcement and Judicial Delays: Inefficiencies and delays within the judicial system allow individuals with criminal charges to contest elections.
• Lack of Intra-Party Democracy: The absence of transparent and democratic processes within political parties leads to the selection of candidates based on winnability rather than integrity.. 
• Voter Behavior Influenced by Caste and Religion: Voters sometimes prioritize caste or religious affiliations over a candidate’s criminal history, enabling individuals with criminal backgrounds to win elections based on identity politics. 

Implications of Criminalisation of Politics

• Erosion of Democratic Values: Criminal politicians undermine the democratic process by using money and muscle power to influence elections.
  • Recent reports of voter intimidation and electoral violence in states like Bihar and West Bengal.
• Weakening of Rule of Law: Criminal politicians often influence law enforcement agencies and delay investigations into their own cases.
  • The delay in prosecuting high-profile politicians due to prolonged legal battles.
• Increase in Corruption: Leaders with criminal backgrounds exploit public office for personal gain rather than serving the people.
  • The 2G Spectrum Scam and Coal Allocation Scam, involving politicians and business entities.
• Poor Governance and Policy-Making: Criminal politicians prioritize personal and party interests over national development.
  • Delays in police and judicial reforms due to the presence of lawmakers facing criminal charges.
• Impact on Law and Order: Criminal politicians use their influence to protect criminal networks, leading to a rise in organized crime.
  • Rise in extortion, land grabbing, and communal violence in politically unstable regions.

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Representation of the People Act, 1951

• The Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951, lays down the framework for elections, qualifications and disqualifications of candidates in India.
• Sections 8  of the RPA deals with the disqualification of individuals from contesting elections due to criminal convictions.

Section 8: Disqualification on Conviction for Certain Offenses

• A person convicted of certain offenses is disqualified from contesting elections for:
  • The duration of their prison sentence, and
  • An additional six years after release.
• Offenses Leading to Disqualification:
  • Corruption (under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988)
  • Bribery, undue influence, and personation during elections
  • Promoting enmity between groups
  • Offenses related to rape
  • Terrorist activities or unlawful acts (UAPA, POTA, etc.)
  • Crimes against women and children
  • Dowry-related offenses
  • Drug trafficking and smuggling
  • Individuals who are convicted of offenses and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more.

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Previous Directions by the Supreme Court 

• In Lily Thomas v. Union of India, 2013: Struck down Section 8(4), which allowed convicted MPs/MLAs to continue in office if they appealed within 3 months.
  • Now, disqualification is immediate upon conviction.
• In 2017, the Court directed the establishment of 12 special courts in 10 states to expedite MP/MLA cases.
• In 2023, the Court issued further directions for monitoring the disposal of pending criminal cases against MPs/MLAs.

Recommendations of various Committees

• Law Commission’s 244th Report (2014) recommended a lifetime ban on convicted politicians.
  • It proposed that individuals charged with serious offenses be barred from contesting elections.
• Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008) suggested state funding of elections to reduce reliance on black money.
• Vohra Committee Report (1993) highlighted the nexus between criminals, politicians, and bureaucrats and recommended stronger laws to curb political corruption.

Challenges and Issues

• Delayed Trials: Politicians exploit legal loopholes to delay convictions, allowing them to contest multiple elections before disqualification.
• Misuse for Political Vendetta: There is a risk of false cases being filed against opposition leaders to disqualify them.
• High Criminalization of Politics: Despite these provisions, over 40% of MPs/MLAs have criminal cases, raising concerns over enforcement.
  • An analysis by the Association of Democratic Reforms revealed that 46% of the newly elected Lok Sabha members, totaling 251.  This marks a 55% increase since 2009. 
• Need for Lifetime Ban: There is no lifetime ban on convicted politicians, allowing them to return to politics after the disqualification period.

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Way Forward

• Speedy Trial Mechanisms: Establish exclusive fast-track courts for cases involving MPs and MLAs to ensure time-bound trials.
• Strengthening Legal Provisions: Amend Section 8 of the RP Act to impose a lifetime ban on politicians convicted of heinous crimes such as rape, murder, and corruption.
• Electoral Reforms: The Election Commission of India (ECI) should make it mandatory for political parties to justify why they selected candidates with criminal backgrounds.
  • In Rambabu Singh Thakur v. Sunil Thakur (2020), the Court mandated political parties to publish the criminal antecedents of their candidates and provide reasons for fielding them.
• Judicial and Institutional Reforms: Curb procedural delays by restricting adjournments in cases involving politicians and ensuring summons are served on time to witnesses.
• Voter Awareness and Civil Society Engagement: Conduct large-scale voter awareness programs to discourage the election of candidates with criminal backgrounds.

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Recently, the government has announced plans to amend the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) and the Atomic Energy Act.

• The announcement marks a policy shift from the government’s previous stance in 2015, which had ruled out amendments to the Act.
• The move is expected to revive stalled nuclear power projects with France’s Electricite de France (EDF) and the U.S.-based Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC).
• The amendments aim to align India’s nuclear liability laws with international conventions, addressing concerns of global nuclear suppliers.

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About Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) and Atomic Energy Act

• CLNDA (2010) establishes liability for nuclear accidents and ensures compensation for victims.
• The law mandates high liability for suppliers of nuclear components, unlike international norms where only operators are held responsible.
  • It was enacted following concerns raised in Parliament over the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
• The Atomic Energy Act governs nuclear energy development in India, allowing only government-controlled operations with limited private sector participation.
• In 2019, an insurance pool of ₹1,500 crores was set up to cover liability risks, but it failed to attract foreign investors.

International Convention

• Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1963):
  • Enacted in 1963 under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) framework.
  • Establishes civil liability for nuclear damage and ensures compensation for victims of nuclear incidents.
  • Places exclusive liability on nuclear operators, ensuring swift compensation.
  • Requires mandatory financial security (e.g., insurance) for nuclear operators.
  • Adopted by 40+ countries.
  • India is not a signatory.
• Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC) (1997):
• • Adopted in 1997, effective 2015 to enhance global nuclear liability.
  • Establishes additional compensation funds beyond national limits.
  • Strengthens international cooperation and uniform liability rules.
  • India ratified CSC in 2016, aligning its Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 with global norms.

About the Proposed Amendment

• Objectives of the Proposed Amendment: The amendment aims to address supplier liability concerns, aligning India’s legal framework with international nuclear agreements.
• Facilitation of Stalled Projects: The changes are expected to revive long-pending nuclear power projects, including:
  • EDF’s Jaitapur Nuclear Project (Maharashtra) – Six EPR1650 reactors.
  • Westinghouse’s Kovvada Project (Andhra Pradesh) – Six AP1000 reactors.
• Promotion of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): The amendment seeks to support the development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
  • ₹20,000 crore has been allocated for the establishment of five SMRs by 2033.
• India’s Nuclear Energy Expansion Goals: India aims to increase nuclear energy capacity to 100 GW by 2047, up from the current 6,780 MW from 22 reactors.
• Encouraging Global Partnerships and Investments: Legal clarity will help India attract private investment and strengthen international partnerships in the nuclear energy sector.

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Impact of Amendment on Nuclear Energy Sector

• Boost to Foreign Investments: Aligning CLNDA with international standards will encourage U.S. and French companies to invest in India’s nuclear energy projects.
• Breakthrough in Long-Pending Deals: Will revive stalled contracts signed over a decade ago, expediting nuclear power expansion.
• Expansion of Nuclear Capacity: Strengthening India’s nuclear energy sector will reduce dependence on fossil fuels and help meet clean energy targets.
• Enhanced Private Sector Participation: Amendments to the Atomic Energy Act may enable greater involvement of domestic and international private players.
• Strengthened Strategic Ties: Expected to be a key topic during Modi’s visits to the U.S. and France, reinforcing India’s role in global nuclear energy cooperation.

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The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has issued a warning that the Morand-Ganjal Irrigation Project in Madhya Pradesh will lead to the submergence of crucial tiger habitats in the Satpura Wildlife Sanctuary and Melghat Tiger Reserves.

About Morand-Ganjal Irrigation Project

• The project is a dam-based irrigation initiative aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity in Madhya Pradesh.
• It involves the Morand and Ganjal Rivers.
• Ganjal River is a left-bank tributary of the Narmada River.
• Morand River is a major tributary of the Ganjal River.

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About Satpura Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)

• Established in: 2000.
• Location: Situated south of the Narmada River in Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh.
• The sanctuary lies in the Satpura ranges of the Central Indian Landscape.
• The name Satpura means “Seven Folds”, forming a watershed between the Narmada and Tapti Rivers.
• It has a corridor connectivity with Pench National Park.
• The sanctuary is home to Bengal tigers, leopards, sloth bears, Indian bison, and diverse flora.

About Melghat Tiger Reserve

• Established as a Wildlife Sanctuary in: 1967.
• Declared a Tiger Reserve in: 1974.
• The name “Melghat” means “Confluence of various ghats or valleys.”
• Location: Situated in the southern offshoot of the Satpura Hill Range in Central India, known as Gavilgarh Hill in Maharashtra.
• Vegetation: Predominantly tropical dry deciduous forests, with teak as the dominant species.
• Boundaries of the reserve: The Tapti River and the Gawilgarh ridge of the Satpura Range.
• Major tribes inhabiting the area:
  • Korkus (largest tribal community in Melghat)
  • O Gawli community
  • Gond tribe
• The reserve is considered a stronghold of the critically endangered forest owlet.
• Melghat Tiger Reserve was among the first nine tiger reserves notified in 1973-74 under Project Tiger.
• It was the first tiger reserve in Maharashtra.

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India has launched a nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) campaign targeting 111 endemic districts across 13 states.

• The initiative aims to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) by 2027 through preventive measures.

About Lymphatic Filariasis

• Lymphatic Filariasis is commonly known as “Hathi Paon” or Elephantiasis.
• It is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD).
• Causal Agent: Lymphatic Filariasis is caused by parasitic nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea.
• There are three types of filarial worms responsible for the disease:
  • Wuchereria Bancrofti: Responsible for 90% of cases.
  • Brugia Malayi: Causes most of the remaining cases.
  • Brugia Timori : Also contributes to the disease.
• The infection is typically acquired in childhood and causes hidden damage to the lymphatic system.
• Transmission Cycle: Adult worms reside in the lymphatic vessels and produce microfilariae that circulate in the blood.
  • Mosquitoes become infected when they bite an infected host, allowing the larvae to develop and spread to humans through subsequent mosquito bites.
• Impact of Lymphatic Filariasis: The disease leads to severe physical disabilities and long-term health consequences.
  • It causes lymphoedema (swelling of limbs) and hydrocele (scrotal swelling), significantly impacting the quality of life.

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India’s Status on Lymphatic Filariasis

• About 31 million people are estimated to be harbouring microfilaria (mf) and over 23 million suffer from filaria disease manifestations. 
• 90% of India’s LF burden is concentrated in eight states: State of Bihar has highest endemicity (over 17%) followed by Kerala (15.7%) and Uttar Pradesh (14.6%). 
  • Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have about 10% endemicity.
• The Indian government aims to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis by 2027 through a combination of:
  • Mass Drug Administration (MDA).
  • Morbidity management.
  • Vector control strategies.

About Mass Drug Administration Campaign

• The MDA campaign involves the supervised administration of a combination of anti-filarial medicines to all eligible individuals in Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)-endemic areas.

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• Medicines are provided regardless of whether individuals show symptoms, ensuring widespread preventive coverage.
• The MDA campaign follows two drug regimens for treatment:
  • Double Drug Regimen (DA) : A combination of Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) and Albendazole.
  • Triple Drug Regimen (IDA): A combination of Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC), and Albendazole.
• Implementing Agency: The National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC) is responsible for leading the implementation of the MDA campaign.
• Ministry in Charge: The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare oversees and supports the execution of the campaign.
• Objective of the MDA Campaign: The primary goal is to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) from 111 endemic districts across 13 states.
• The campaign aims to eliminate microscopic filarial parasites present in the bloodstream of infected individuals, thereby preventing further transmission.

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The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to defer the implementation of the revised Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) norms.

About LCR

• The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) is a financial ratio that measures the proportion of High-Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) held by financial institutions.
• HQLA refers to highly liquid financial instruments that can be quickly converted into cash with minimal or no loss of value.
• HQLA assets can also be used as collateral for borrowing purposes.

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• HQLA Include:
  • Cash
  • Short-term bonds
  • Other cash equivalents
  • Excess Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
  • Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) assets
  • Facility to Avail Liquidity for Liquidity Coverage Ratio (FALLCR) is set at 15% of the bank’s deposits from April 1, 2020.
• Objective of LCR: To enhance the resilience of the banking sector.
  • It ensures that banks maintain sufficient liquid assets to survive a 30-day period of severe liquidity stress.
• Limitation of LCR: Higher LCR requirements may lead to banks holding more cash, reducing their ability to issue new loans.
  • This could slow economic growth by limiting the availability of credit.
• Formula: LCR = High-Quality Liquid Asset Amount (HQLA) / Total Net Cash Flow Amount
• LCR Introduction: As Part of the Basel III reforms to improve liquidity risk management in the banking sector.

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• Basel III Requirements: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) in 2010.
  • It was implemented after the 2008 financial crisis to strengthen banks’ liquidity risk management.
  • The initial LCR requirement was set at 60% in 2015.
  • It was gradually increased to 100% by 2019 to achieve full compliance.

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The Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment recently chaired a meeting of the Central Advisory Committee for the PM-AJAY scheme.

About PM-AJAY Scheme

• Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme aimed at the upliftment of Scheduled Caste (SC) communities in India.
• Funding: The scheme is 100% funded by the central government.
  • States/UTs can contribute additional funds from their own resources if they choose.
• Launch: It was launched in 2021 to promote social and economic development among SC communities.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

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Objectives of PM-AJAY Scheme

• Reduce poverty among SC communities through skill development and income-generating initiatives.
• Improve literacy rates and increase SC enrolment in educational institutions, with a focus on aspirational districts.

Eligibility Criteria of PM-AJAY Scheme

• Scheduled Castes (SC) persons living below the poverty line (BPL) are eligible to receive benefits under the scheme.
• For infrastructure development, villages with 50% or more SC population qualify for grants.

Core Components of PM-AJAY

PM-AJAY is a merged scheme of three Centrally Sponsored Schemes:

• Adarsh Gram Development (Formerly Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana – PMAGY)
  • Aims to transform SC-majority villages into model villages with integrated development.
  • Focuses on providing essential infrastructure and improving socio-economic indicators in ten key areas, including education, healthcare, financial inclusion, and skill development.
• Grants-in-Aid for District/State-Level Projects (Formerly Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Caste Sub Plan – SCA to SCSP)
  • Provides financial assistance for livelihood development projects to create sustainable income opportunities for SC communities.
  • Supports skill development programs, infrastructure projects, and economic empowerment initiatives.
• Construction of Hostels in Higher Educational Institutions (Formerly Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana – BJRCY)
  • Aims to reduce dropout rates and promote higher education among SC students.
  • Provides funding for hostel construction in top-ranked institutions as per the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).

Special Provisions under Grants-in-Aid Component

• 15% of total grants allocated exclusively for viable income-generating schemes for SC women.
• 30% of total grants allocated for infrastructure development in SC-dominated areas.
• 10% of total funds dedicated to skill development programs.
• Encourages the formation of SC women cooperatives engaged in the production and marketing of consumer goods and services.

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Achievements of (2022-23)

• Under the Adarsh Gram Component, 1,260 villages were declared as Adarsh Gram in the financial year 2023-24.
• Nine new hostels were sanctioned under the Hostel Construction Component.
• Perspective plans for seven states were approved under the Grants-in-Aid Component.

PM-AJAY continues to play a crucial role in uplifting SC communities by ensuring better livelihood opportunities, improved education access, and enhanced infrastructure in SC-majority areas.

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First indigenous Automated Bio Medical Waste Treatment Plant

Context: Recently, Union Minister launched  India’s first  indigenous Automated Biomedical Waste Treatment Rig, named Sṛjanam, at AIIMS New Delhi.

About Sṛjanam Rig

• It is an automated bio medical waste treatment plant. 
• It is the first of its kind in the country.
• Developed by: CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) in Thiruvananthapuram developed this innovative rig.
• It showcases India’s progress in advanced waste management technology.
• Special Features of Sṛjanam
  • Sṛjanam disinfects biomedical waste such as blood, urine, sputum, and laboratory disposables.
  • It does this without using expensive and energy-heavy incinerators.
  • Odor Control and Capacity:
    • The rig removes bad odors and adds a pleasant smell to the treated waste.
    • It can process up to 400 kg of waste per day.
    • In the initial phase, it can handle 10 kg of degradable medical waste per day.

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Chandrayaan-3’s Shiv Shakti landing point

Context: Scientists from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, conducted a morphological and topographic analysis of the Chandrayaan-3 landing site

About Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site

• Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site is 3.7 billion years old.
  • This age coincides with the time when primitive microbial life first emerged on Earth.
  • It was mapped by Indian scientists using high-resolution remote sensing data.
• Significance of the Study
  • Lunar History Insights: Reveals how meteor impacts and debris shaped the Moon’s surface.
• Historic Landing
  • On August 23, 2023, Chandrayaan-3, with Vikram lander and Pragyan rover, landed near the Moon’s South Pole.
  • India became the fourth country to make a soft landing on the Moon, after the USSR (Russia), US, and China.

Key Findings of ISRO’s Study on Chandrayaan-3 Landing Site

• Terrain and Crater Analysis
  • The landing site is located in an area with low-relief smooth plains.
  • The surrounding region also includes:
    • High-relief rugged terrain
    • High-relief smooth plains
• Geological Influences on the Area
  • The area was mainly formed by ejecta from secondary craters, including:
    • Manzinus crater (96 km diameter, ~3.9 billion years old)
    • Boguslawsky crater (95 km diameter, ~4 billion years old)
    • Schomberger crater (86 km diameter, ~3.7 billion years old)
• Impact of Space Weathering
  • The region is affected by micro-meteorite bombardments and extreme temperature changes.
  • This caused the rock fragments to break down into regolith (lunar soil) over time.
• Rock and Crater Distribution
  • The Pragyan rover found several rock fragments larger than 1 cm.
  • The largest rock samples were found near:
    • A fresh crater (14 km south of the landing site)
    • Another crater (1.8 km in diameter) 8 km west of the landing site.

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2024

Context: India has ranked 96th out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2024.

About Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

• CPI is an annual report published by Transparency International. 
• It is the most widely used global corruption ranking in the world. 
• The CPI ranks 180 countries and territories based on their perceived levels of public sector corruption. 
• The scale ranges from zero (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).

India’s CPI Performance Over the Years

• 2024: Rank 96, Score 38
• 2023: Rank 93, Score 39
• India’s declining score and rank reflect ongoing challenges in tackling corruption, despite efforts like the Right to Information Act and anti-corruption laws.

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Global Findings

• Top Performers: Denmark topped the list as the least corrupt nation, followed by Finland and Singapore.
• Global Average Stagnant: The global average score remains at 43, with over two-thirds of countries scoring below 50.
• Worst Performers: Countries like Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria rank at the bottom due to weak governance and conflict.
• Corruption and Climate: The 2024 report highlights how corruption undermines climate action, with funds often misused or stolen.

Transparency International

• Transparency International is a global non-governmental organization (NGO) founded in 1993.
• Transparency International works to combat corruption and promote transparency, accountability, and integrity in governments, businesses, and civil society. 
• It is headquartered in Berlin, Germany, and operates in over 100 countries through its national chapters.

Panama withdraws from Belt and Road Initiative

Context: Panama has officially announced its withdrawal from China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), marking a significant geopolitical realignment.

US Influence and Panama’s Decision

• The recent decision by Panama to withdraw from the BRI follows a visit by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio to the country.
  • This visit is widely seen as a catalyst for Panama’s decision to step back from the BRI.
• The US has been increasingly vocal about its concerns regarding China’s growing influence in Latin America. 

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

• The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a global infrastructure development strategy launched by China in 2013. 
• It aims to enhance connectivity and economic cooperation across Asia, Europe, and Africa by investing in infrastructure projects like roads, railways, ports, and energy networks.

Key Components of BRI

• Silk Road Economic Belt: A land-based network linking China to Europe through Central Asia.
• 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: A sea route connecting China to Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe.

New HS code GI-recognised rice varieties

Context: India has amended the Customs Tariff Act to introduce a new HS (Harmonised System) code for exporting Geographical Indication (GI)-recognised rice that will allow the export of these special rice varieties without requiring special notifications from the Finance Ministry.

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What is HS?

• HS (Harmonized System) is a global product classification system.
• It is called the “universal economic language” for goods.
• Developed by: World Customs Organization (WCO).
  • This is the first time in the world that an HS code is introduced for GI rice.
  • The HS codes are 1006-30-11 for parboiled rice and 1006-30-91 for white rice.
• Classification Structure
  • Uses six-digit codes to classify different products and commodities.
  • Countries can add extra digits to the six-digit code for more specific classifications.
• Governed by:  The “International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.”
• Managed by:  The HS Committee, which includes member countries.
• HS is updated every 5–6 years.
• Widespread Adoption
  • Used for about 98% of international trade.
  • Covers over 5,000 commodity groups.
  • Implemented by more than 200 countries worldwide.
• Benefits of HS
• • Provides a common coding system for organizing and tracking products in global trade.
  • Used by governments, international organizations, and private companies for taxes, trade policies, and more.
  • Lowers international trade costs and supports economic research.

Impact on Rice Exports

• Facilitating Exports During Ban
  • The new HS code will help export GI-tagged rice even if the government imposes a ban on general rice exports.
• Ease of Export Process
  • The amendment allows the export of GI-tagged rice without needing special permission from the Finance Ministry.

Exercise Cyclone 2025

Context: The 3rd edition of the Joint Special Forces Exercise CYCLONE has commenced at Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan, India.

About Exercise Cyclone 2025

• Exercise CYCLONE is an annual military exercise conducted alternatively in India and Egypt.
• History of Exercise Cyclone: The first edition was conducted in India in 2023.
  • The previous edition (2024) was held in Egypt in January 2024.
• Objective of Exercise Cyclone 2025:
  • The goal of the exercise is to enhance coordination and interoperability between the Indian and Egyptian armies.
  • The training will include real-world scenarios and tactical drills to improve combat readiness.
  • Both armies will train together in desert conditions to develop joint operational capabilities.
• Motto of Exercise Cyclone 2025: The motto for Exercise Cyclone 2025 is “Together we train, together we excel.”
• Key Focus Areas:
  • The exercise will involve special forces from both countries.
  • Training will focus on:
    • Counter-terrorism operations
    • High-intensity combat tactics
    • Survival techniques in extreme conditions

Republic of Estonia

Context: The Indian Prime Minister met with the President of the Republic of Estonia on the sidelines of the AI Action Summit in Paris. 

• This was the first meeting between the two leaders.
• India-Estonia Partnership: The two leaders noted the importance of the India-Estonia partnership in the context of the India-EU strategic partnership.
  • They welcomed the initiation of ministerial exchanges in the India-Nordic-Baltic format.

About The Republic of Estonia

• Location: Estonia is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
• Capital City: Tallinn
• Neighbours: It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Russia
• Language: Eesti Vabariik or the Estonian language
• Political nature: It is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties)
• Legislature: Riigikogu
• Membership: Estonia is a member of the Eurozone and NATO

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‘IRIS’ (Indigenous RISCV Controller for Space Applications) Chip

Context: The ‘IRIS’ (Indigenous RISCV Controller for Space Applications) chip has been developed from the ‘SHAKTI’ processor baseline.

• IRIS is the third SHAKTI chip to have been developed after RIMO in 2018 and MOUSHIK in 2020.

About the IRIS’ Chip

• It is an Atmanirbhar aerospace quality SHAKTI-based semiconductor chip. 
• Developed By:The chip is developed by Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
  • Idea: The ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) in Thiruvananthapuram proposed the idea of a 64bit RISC-V-based Controller
  • Designed: IIT Madras defined the specifications and design of the semiconductor chip
• Application: It can be used in diverse domains from Internet of Things and compute systems for strategic needs. 
• Need: It was part of the effort of ISRO to indigenise semiconductors used for its applications, Command and Control Systems and other critical functions 
• Importance: The Chip is end to end developed in India marking a milestone in “Make in India” efforts in semiconductor design and fabrication.

About The SHAKTI Microprocessor Project

• The project aims to promote indigenous development of microprocessor-based products adopting RISC-V technology, an open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), for designing custom processors.
• Led By: The Centre for Digital Intelligence and Secure Hardware Architecture in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Madras. 
• Supported By: It is backed by the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology under its ‘Digital India RISC-V’ initiative.

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