Nov 12 2024

In Rajive Raturi vs. Union of India & Ors., the Supreme Court confirmed that the right to access environments, services, and opportunities is a fundamental human right for persons with disabilities (PWDs).

Judgement Highlights Accessibility Gaps and Legal Inconsistencies for PWDs

  • Basis of the Judgement: The judgement is based on a report submitted by the Centre for Disability Studies (CDS), NALSAR University of Law. 
  • Issues faced by the PWD’s as per Center for Disability Studies at NALSAR:
    • Accessibility Barriers: There are gaps in accessibility measures across courts, prisons, schools, public transport, and other public spaces.
    • Compounded Discrimination:  The report pointed out that inaccessibility often leads to compounded discrimination, creating additional layers of disadvantage for PWDs, particularly when these individuals are also subject to other forms of marginalisation.  
    • Inconsistencies in the Existing Legal Framework: The report highlights that while the RPWD Act sets mandatory accessibility rules, the RPWD Rules (2017) only provide self-regulatory guidelines.  
      • Rule 15 of the RPWD Rules, which contains the accessibility standards, is ultra vires the RPWD Act. 

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Key Observations Of The Supreme Court

  • Disability as a Societal Responsibility, Not a Personal Tragedy: Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud emphasised that disability becomes a tragedy only when society fails to provide essential resources for the differently-abled to lead fulfilling lives.

Constitutional Provisions to Support PwDs in India

  • Article 21:  No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.
  • Directive Principles of State Policy: Article 41 states that the State should make effective provisions for securing the right to work, education and to public assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disability.
  • Seventh Schedule: Under it, relief of the Disabled is a State Subject (Entry 9 in List II).
  • Eleventh and Twelfth Schedule: Welfare of the Disabled and mentally retarded is listed as item 26 in the Eleventh Schedule and item 09 in the Twelfth Schedule.

  • Accessibility as Essential to Equality, Freedom, and Dignity: The Supreme Court underlined that accessibility is a prerequisite for equality, freedom, and human dignity, enabling PWDs to exercise other rights meaningfully.
  • Disparity in Accessibility Infrastructure Across Regions: The court noted regional disparities in accessibility standards.
    • For example, Delhi has 3,775 wheelchair-accessible buses, while Tamil Nadu has only 1,917.
    • Many older buildings, like the Bombay Art Gallery, lack basic accessible features, including restrooms for PWDs.
  • Overlooked Rights to Relationships and Emotional Well-being
    • The Supreme Court observed that society often ignores the “right to relationships” for persons with disabilities, including their emotional needs for privacy, intimacy, and self-expression.
    • The disabled individuals living with families are often denied private spaces for self-care and personal expression.
  • Need for Mandatory Accessibility Standards
    • The court found that existing accessibility rules were not mandatory, leading to low compliance.
    • The SC directed the Union Government to frame mandatory rules under Section 40 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 for ensuring that public places and services are accessible to persons with disabilities.
  • Emphasis on the Social Model of Disability: The judgement called on the government to focus on removing societal barriers, such as physical, organisational, and attitudinal obstacles, rather than trying to “fix” individuals.
  • Call for Universal Design in Public and Private Spaces
    • The court recommended “universal design” principles, ensuring that public and private spaces, services, and products are accessible to everyone from the start.
    • Chief Justice Chandrachud stressed that accessibility should be integrated into the design of new services and products from inception, as it is more efficient than making adjustments later.

About Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) (Divyangjan)

  • Under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, “persons with disability” is defined as individuals who have a long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairment which, in interaction with barriers, can hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.
    • As per the RPwD Act, 2016, there are 21 types of Disabilities which includes Locomotor Disability, Visual Impairment, Hearing Impairment, Speech & Language Disability, Intellectual Disability, Multiple Disabilities, Cerebral Palsy, Dwarfism etc.
  • Census Disability Categories: The census questionnaire included questions on seven types of disabilities until the 2011 census.
  • The National Statistics Office report of 2019 expanded the list of disabilities to 21 when the Rights of People with Disabilities was introduced in 2016.
  • Status of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs):
    • According to the 2011 Census, India has 2.68 crore Persons with Disabilities, accounting for 2.21% of the country’s total population.

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Models of Disability Rights

  • Medical Model: This model views disability as a health condition or impairment within the person.  It emphasises “fixing” or treating the disability through medical intervention. 
  • Charity Model: It tends to view persons with disabilities as victims.
    • They are seen as recipients and beneficiaries of services. 
  • Social Model:  It was developed as a reaction against the individualistic approaches of the charity and medical models. 
    • Recognizes that disability is caused by societal barriers such as physical, organisational, and attitudinal, rather than by the impairment itself.
  • Human Rights Model: Frames disability as a matter of human rights, focusing on equality, dignity, and non-discrimination.
    • Promotes equal opportunities, accessibility, and the right to participate in all aspects of society.
  • Economic Model: Considers disability in terms of its impact on the economy, both in terms of potential costs and lost productivity.

Barriers to Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs)

  • Physical Barriers: Inaccessible buildings, transportation systems, and public spaces due to lack of ramps, elevators, or wide doorways.
    • Older structures often lack these features, while newer developments sometimes overlook universal design principles, creating challenges for PwDs.
    • Data from the National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People shows that:
      • Less than 1% of educational institutions are disabled-friendly.
      • Less than 40% of school buildings have ramps.
      • About 17% have accessible restrooms.
  • Technological Barriers: Lack of accessible digital platforms, websites, and assistive technologies for PwDs, particularly those with visual, auditory, or cognitive impairments. 

Example of Assistive Technologies: 

  • Speech Recognition Software: Voice-controlled software for individuals with motor impairments.
  • Braille Displays: Devices that convert text to Braille for blind users.
  • Eye-Tracking Devices: Technology that enables control using eye movements.
  • Adaptive Keyboards: Customizable keyboards for users with motor impairments.
  • Text-to-Speech Software: Converts written text into spoken words

    • Gap in Assistive Technologies: The WHO and UNICEF Global Report on Assistive Technology (2022) highlights that  just 3% of people in low-income countries have access to necessary assistive products, compared to 90% in high-income countries.
  • Attitudinal Barriers: Societal discrimination, stigma, and misconceptions about the capabilities of PwDs that hinder inclusion and equal participation.
  • Economic Barriers: 
    • High Costs of Resources: PwDs face high expenses for assistive devices, transportation, and specialised medical care, limiting access to essential resources.
    • Employment Challenges: Discrimination, inaccessible workplaces, and lack of accommodations restrict employment opportunities for PwDs.
    • Lower Labour Force Participation: PwDs have lower labour force participation rates, contributing to higher poverty levels. 
      • The International Labour Organization’ s 2011 report on Persons with Disability (PWD) states that 73.6% of disabled in India are still outside the labour force.
  • Legal and Policy Barriers: Inadequate enforcement of accessibility laws and policies, or the absence of such laws in some regions, limits PwDs’ rights and access to services.
  • Communication Barriers: Limited access to information in accessible formats, such as Braille, sign language, or audio, restricting PwDs from engaging in education, work, and social activities.
  • Cultural and Social Barriers: Cultural norms that isolate or exclude PwDs from social, educational, and professional opportunities due to deep-rooted prejudice or lack of awareness.
  • Healthcare Barriers: Access to quality healthcare can be compromised for people with disabilities. 
    • Persons with disabilities have twice the risk of developing conditions such as depression, asthma, diabetes, stroke, obesity or poor oral health.

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Initiatives taken by the Indian Government to Support PwDs

  • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: It is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfil its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007.

  • The Unique Disability Identity (UDID) aims to create a national database for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) and issue each person with disabilities with a Unique Disability Identity Card.
  • The UDID portal streamlines the process for disability certificates and documentation.

  • Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) New Rules, 2024:
    • Streamlined Application Process: The amendments aim to simplify the process for persons with disabilities to obtain disability certificates and Unique Disability Identity (UDID) cards.
    • Colour Coded UDID Cards: The updated rules introduce colour-coded UDID cards to signify varying levels of disability:
      • White: For disabilities below 40%
      • Yellow: For disabilities between 40% and 79%
      • Blue: For disabilities of 80% or higher
  • National Trust Act (1999): The Act establishes the National Trust with aim to enable persons with disabilities to live independently by promoting measures for their protection, appointing guardians, and facilitating equal opportunities in society
    • The National Trust is a statutory body of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India.
  • Rehabilitation Council of India Act (1992): It regulates training and registration of professionals working in the field of disability rehabilitation.
  • Assistance to Disabled persons for purchasing / fitting of aids / appliances (ADIP) Scheme: 
    • The scheme assists disabled individuals in acquiring modern aids and appliances to promote their physical, social, and psychological rehabilitation, enhancing their economic potential.
  • Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): To make public spaces, transportation, and information and communication technologies (ICT) accessible to PwDs.
  • Divyang Sarathi App: This mobile application provides information on policies, schemes, and guidelines available for persons with disabilities, helping improve awareness and access to government resources.
  • Others: 
    • PM-DAKSH (Divyang Skill Development and Rehabilitation Scheme), 
    • Deen-Dayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme
    • National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities,
    • Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre, etc.

Global Actions to Support PwDs

  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The SDGs also explicitly include disability and persons with disabilities 11 times.
  • United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disability: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is an international treaty adopted in December 2006 by the United Nations General Assembly. 
    • It aims to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities (PwDs) by ensuring their full participation in society, on an equal basis with others.
  • International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD): A UN day that is celebrated every year on 3 December.

Way Forward

  • Early Identification of Disabilities: It is crucial for effective intervention, rehabilitation, and support, ensuring that individuals with disabilities have the opportunity to lead fulfilling lives. 
    • Comprehensive Newborn Screening (CNS) Handbook under National Health Mission (NMM) for screening visible birth defects has been developed as a tool to aid Staff Nurses and ANMs at all delivery points. 
  • Early Interventions: Example:
    • Occupational therapy can help with fine motor skills, play and self-help skills like dressing and toilet training
    • Physiotherapy can help with motor skills like balance, sitting, crawling and walking
    • Speech therapy can help with speech, language, eating and drinking skills
  • Shift In Societal Attitudes: Shifting societal attitudes towards viewing PwDs as equal participants in society, rather than as dependent individuals, is crucial for fostering inclusion. Example: 
    • Promoting the use of empowering terms such as “Divyang” instead of “Viklang” (disabled).
    • The Supreme Court’s Handbook On Persons With Disabilities can be made accessible for everyone for better sensitisation and awareness.
  • Investment in Assistive Technologies: such as speech recognition software and screen readers for the visually impaired to hearing aids and mobility devices
    • These technologies help PwDs perform daily activities more independently.
  • Increasing the Opportunities and Incentives: For vocational training, skill development, self-employment, and formal employment for persons with disabilities, and ensuring non-discrimination and equal pay in the labour market.
  • Embracing Digitally Accessible Pedagogy (DAP): Adopting DAP to empower students with disabilities, positioning inclusive education in India as a model for accessibility and equal learning opportunities.

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Conclusion

Ensuring accessibility for persons with disabilities is not only a fundamental right but also a societal responsibility that requires comprehensive legal, social, and infrastructural reforms to guarantee their full participation in society.

In August 2024, the Tamil Nadu government introduced the “Tamil Nadu Repowering, Refurbishment and Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects – 2024” to address ageing wind turbines.

Wind Policy Challenged as Tamil Nadu Loses Top Spot in Capacity

The policy has faced opposition from wind energy generators, who argue it does not sufficiently promote wind energy generation.

  • Wind energy generators took the matter to the Madras High Court, which has issued a stay on the policy.
  • Generators are demanding a policy revision that better supports the growth and viability of wind energy.
  • Earlier this year, Gujarat surpassed Tamil Nadu in installed wind power capacity, making Tamil Nadu the second-leading state, after holding the top position for many years.

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About Wind Energy

Wind Energy

  • Wind energy is a renewable energy source that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. 
  • It’s a clean and sustainable way to meet our energy needs.

Types of Wind Energy Plants

  • Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs): These are the most common type, with blades that rotate around a horizontal axis. They are highly efficient and can generate large amounts of electricity.
  • Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs): These turbines have blades that rotate around a vertical axis. They can capture wind from any direction and are often used in urban areas.
  • Offshore Wind Farms: These wind farms are located in bodies of water, such as oceans and large lakes. They can generate more electricity than onshore wind farms due to stronger and more consistent winds.
  • Onshore Wind Farms: These wind farms are located on land, often in rural areas with high wind speeds. They are a more established technology and are widely used around the world.

India’s Wind Energy Potential

  • Global Ranking: India ranks 4th globally in installed wind energy capacity, following China, the United States, and Germany.
  • Wind EnergyWind power accounts for nearly 10% of India’s total installed utility power generation capacity and generated 71.814 TWh in the fiscal year 2022–23, which is nearly 4.43% of total electricity generation.
  • Wind Power Potential: India has a wind power potential of 1,163.86 GW at a height of 150 metres above ground  level.
  • Top States by Wind Power Potential (at 150m):
    • Rajasthan: 284.25 GW
    • Gujarat: 180.79 GW
    • Maharashtra: 173.86 GW
    • Karnataka: 169.25 GW
    • Andhra Pradesh: 123.33 GW
  • Highest Installed Wind Power Capacity (as of May 2024):
    • Gujarat: 11,823 MW
    • Tamil Nadu (second highest)
    • Karnataka: 6,312 MW

Global Offshore Wind Alliance (GOWA)

  • Aim: To accelerate the growth of the offshore wind industry.
  • Objective: To provide a centralised platform for the offshore wind industry, offering a comprehensive overview of global events and developments.
  • Target: To contribute to the installation of at least 380 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030.
  • Long-Term Goal: To support the global transition to clean energy by helping the offshore wind industry reach a capacity of over 2000 GW by 2050.

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National Offshore Wind Energy Policy – 2015

  • Aim: To provide a legal framework for development of the offshore wind sector in India.
  • Development Scope: The policy allows for offshore wind energy projects up to 200 nautical miles from India’s baseline, covering the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
  • Nodal Ministry and Agency: The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) serves as the primary ministry, with the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) designated as the lead agency for offshore wind energy development.
  • Long-Term Capacity Target: The policy sets a goal to reach 30 GW of offshore wind power capacity by 2030, supporting India’s renewable energy ambitions.
  • Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) Trajectory: A roadmap has been declared for the Wind Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), establishing targets through the year 2030 to enhance offshore wind energy adoption.

Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)

  • GWEC is a  global platform for the wind energy industry, providing research, market intelligence, and policy advocacy with headquarters at Brussels, Belgium.
  • Mission: To promote the development and deployment of wind energy as a sustainable and cost-effective energy source.
  • Membership: Represents over 1,500 companies and organisations from 80+ countries.
    Includes manufacturers, developers, suppliers, research institutions, and financial institutions.
  • Key Activities of GWEC:
    • Research and Analysis: Publishes the Global Wind Report and other industry insights.
    • Policy Advocacy: Advocates for policies that support the growth of wind energy.
    • Industry Networking: Organises events and conferences to connect industry stakeholders.

Rejuvenation of Wind Turbines

  • Repowering: Replacing old turbines (especially those under 2 MW) with newer, more efficient ones. This can increase capacity by using larger turbines with higher power output.
    • Repowering small turbines could boost Tamil Nadu’s wind energy output during peak windy seasons by up to 25%.
  • Refurbishment: Includes modifying the height, blades, or gearbox of existing turbines to improve performance.
  • Life Extension: Involves maintaining and upgrading old turbines to extend operational life.

Challenges in Wind Energy Repowering in India

  • Aging Infrastructure and Low-Capacity Turbines: Many wind turbines in India, such as those in Tamil Nadu, were installed before 2000 and have capacities below 1 MW. 
    • These older turbines are inefficient and require upgrades to align with modern, high-capacity models.
  • Land Constraints: Repowering with newer, larger turbines (2 MW+) requires additional land.Limited land availability restricts the placement of advanced turbines, limiting capacity expansion.
  • Banking Restrictions:Lack of financial backing for wind turbines is also a  limiting factor for repowering of Wind Turbines.
    • Post-2018 installations in Tamil Nadu lack banking facilities, affecting the financial viability of repowering, as repowered turbines are ineligible for banking benefits.
  • Transmission Limitations: Outdated transmission systems cannot handle the increased output from modern turbines, causing potential bottlenecks.
  • Lack of Incentives: Insufficient policy incentives reduce developer interest in repowering, as costs and complexities deter investment in existing wind farms.

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Way Forward

  • Policy Incentives: Introduce financial incentives for repowering projects, such as tax benefits, grants, or subsidies, to improve project viability.
  • Banking Facility Extension: Allow energy banking for repowered turbines to ensure financial stability for wind energy generators.
  • Land Use Flexibility: Streamline land allocation and consider shared or additional land for high-capacity turbine installations where feasible.
  • Infrastructure Upgrades: Invest in transmission and evacuation infrastructure to handle increased energy output from new turbines.
  • Streamlined Approvals: Simplify approval processes for repowering and refurbishment to accelerate project timelines and reduce administrative hurdles.

The State of Food and Agriculture report 2024 revealed that India’s hidden costs of agrifood systems are substantial, primarily driven by unhealthy dietary patterns.

What are agrifood systems?

  • This system includes all activities and actors which are part in moving food from farms to consumers. 
  • It includes various processes such as agricultural production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management. 
  • Significance:  It emphasizes the impact of economic, social, and environmental factor in determining how food reaches the consumers. 

  • Total Costs: India’s hidden costs of agrifood systems are around $1.3 trillion annually.
  • Main Drivers: Unhealthy dietary patterns and risks associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

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About State of Food and Agriculture 2024 Report

  • Published by: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
  • Purpose of the SOFA Report
    • Comprehensive Analysis: Offers in-depth analysis of key trends, challenges, and opportunities in the agricultural and food sectors.
    • Policy Guidance: Provides evidence-based recommendations to help governments and stakeholders formulate policies for sustainable development.
    • Focus on Food Security: Examines pressing issues that affect global food security, nutrition, and agricultural productivity.
  • State of Food and Agriculture 2024 ReportKey Themes: 
    • Environmental Impact: Looks into the environmental costs of food production, such as greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and biodiversity loss.
    • Economic and Social Costs: Evaluates hidden economic and social costs, including health impacts, poverty among agrifood workers, and inequality within food systems.
    • Health and Nutrition: Highlights dietary risks and health challenges, especially the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases due to poor dietary patterns.

What are Hidden Costs in an agrifood system?

  • Hidden costs in agrifood systems refer to expenses that are not immediately apparent but arise from various aspects of food production and agriculture. 
  • These costs impact the environment, health, and society.
  • Environmental Impact
    • Food production can lead to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and biodiversity loss, all of which have hidden environmental costs.
  • Health Implications
    • Unhealthy dietary patterns stemming from certain food production practices increase healthcare expenses due to diseases related to poor nutrition.
  • Social and Economic Costs
    • Low wages and limited opportunities for agrifood workers contribute to poverty, which in turn affects overall productivity and economic stability.

Key Findings of the report

  • Key Contributors to Hidden Costs
    • Unhealthy Diets: High intake of processed foods and additives, coupled with low consumption of whole plant foods and healthy fatty acids, make up 73% of India’s agrifood hidden costs.
    • Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): These Dietary patterns are linked to heart disease, stroke, and diabetes represent substantial hidden costs.  
  • Impacts of Processed Foods and Low Plant-Based Diets
    • Processed Foods: The report estimates hidden costs from excessive processed food consumption at $128 billion.
    • Low Plant and Nutrient-Rich Foods: Insufficient intake of whole grains, fruits, and healthy fats adds $846 billion to hidden costs.
  • Additional Social and Environmental Costs
    • Social Costs: Low productivity and wages among agrifood workers, driven by systemic distribution challenges, contribute to hidden costs.
    • Environmental Impact: Emissions from the food supply chain, including GHG emissions, nitrogen leaching, and runoff, add to environmental hidden costs.
  • Global Context of Hidden Costs
    • India has the third-highest hidden agrifood costs worldwide, following China ($1.8 trillion) and the United States ($1.4 trillion).
    • Globally, agrifood systems’ hidden costs are estimated at $12 trillion annually in which  unhealthy dietary patterns alone account for $8.1 trillion.

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Recommendations for Sustainable Agrifood Systems

  • Promote Healthier Diets: Advocates for policies that make nutritious food more accessible and affordable to reduce health-related costs.
  • Environmental Conservation: Encourages practices that lower greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen pollution, and promote biodiversity.
  • Empowering Consumers: Recommends empowering consumers with information about the social, environmental, and health impacts of food choices.

Pelicans started arriving from Siberia at Telineelapuram Bird Sanctuary in the first week of November and will stay on till the end of March next year.

About Pelicans

  • Habitat: Primarily inhabit coastal areas, lakes, and wetlands.
  • Pelican populations in India have declined due to habitat loss, pollution, and human disturbance. 

Pelicans

Spot-billed Pelican (Grey Pelican)

  • Habitat: Shallow lowland freshwater bodies like lakes, reservoirs, and rivers.
  • Diet: Primarily fish, crustaceans and amphibians.
  • Behaviour: Social birds, often seen in large flocks.
  • Life Cycle: Breed during the monsoon season, laying eggs in large communal nests.
  • Conservation Status:
    • IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
    • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule IV

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Types of Pelicans Visiting India:

  • Spot-billed Pelican: Common in India, frequently seen at Telineelapuram Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, and Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh. 
  • Great White Pelican: Visits Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan; a large white pelican that migrates occasionally.
  • Dalmatian Pelican: Occasionally visits Chilika Lake, Odisha; a large pelican with distinctive black wing spots.

About Flyway

  • A Flyway is a geographical region within which a single or group of migratory species completes its annual cycle, i.e., breeding, molting, staging, and non-breeding.
  • Migratory birds from 3 flyways (CAF, East Asian Australasian Flyway, and Asian East African Flyway) visit India.
    • Central Asian Flyway (CAF): Extends from the northernmost breeding grounds in the Russian Federation (Siberia) to the southernmost non-breeding (wintering) grounds in West and South Asia, the Maldives, and British Indian Ocean Territory.

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or Bonn Convention

  • Purpose: An international treaty aimed at conserving migratory species and their habitats signed in 1979 and in force since 1983.
  • Member States: As of 2024, 131 countries are party to the Convention.
    • India has also been a party to CMS since 1983.
  • India has hosted several CMS meetings, including the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) in 2020.
  • India has also signed several Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with CMS for the conservation of specific species, such as Siberian Cranes, Marine Turtles, Dugongs, and Raptors.

About BirdLife International

  • Global partnership of conservation organisations (NGOs) that strives to conserve birds, their habitats, and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources.
  • Founded  in 1922 as the International Council for Bird Protection.
  • Publications:
    • World Birdwatch
  • Official Red List Authority for birds for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
  • Also publishes Important Bird Areas (IBA) inventory.

Standardised criteria for the designation of IBAs

  • Significant Numbers of Globally Threatened Bird Species : IBAs should host substantial populations of one or more bird species globally classified as threatened.
  • Presence of Restricted-Range or Biome-Restricted Species: Designation considers sites that are part of a collection of locations collectively supporting a range of restricted-range or biome-restricted species.
  • Exceptionally Large Numbers of Migratory or Congregatory Birds.

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Telineelapuram Bird Sanctuary

  • Telineelapuram is a designated Important Bird Area (IBA) and is the prime location for the spot-billed pelicans for winter breeding.
  • Location: Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
  • Wildlife: Primarily known for migratory birds, especially the Spot-billed Pelican, which comes here for winter breeding. Other bird species include Painted Storks, Open-billed Storks, and various waterbirds.
  • Water Bodies: The sanctuary is situated near the coast, with access to brackish water bodies and the Bay of Bengal.
  • Vegetation: The sanctuary has a mix of Mangrove forests, coastal wetlands, and agricultural lands.

A recent study published in Science of The Total Environment found that turmeric samples from Patna, India, and Karachi and Peshawar, Pakistan contained lead levels exceeding 1,000 μg/g, far above the 10 μg/g regulatory limit set by FSSAI.

Key Findings of the Study

  • Extent of study: Turmeric samples were collected from 23 cities across India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal between December 2020 and March 2021.
    • Guwahati and Chennai also showed lead levels surpassing safe limits.
  • Source of Contamination: Lead chromate is identified as the probable source, a yellow pigment used in paints and other industrial products, often added to enhance turmeric’s colour.
  • Adulteration Patterns: Polished turmeric roots showed the highest contamination, followed by loose powder. Packaged powder and unpolished roots had lower levels.
    • Unregulated, loose spices were more often adulterated compared to branded, packaged varieties.
  • FSSAI Regulations: FSSAI requires turmeric to be free from lead chromate and any other colouring additives.
  • Previous Findings and Supply Chain Issues: The researchers previously found widespread use of lead chromate in Bangladesh to improve turmeric’s appearance, dating back to the 1980s.
    • Further investigation is recommended into the turmeric supply chain to identify contamination sources and understand the incentives for adulteration.

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About Lead and Lead Pollution

Lead Pollution

  • Lead is a bluish-white Lustrous soft metal naturally found in the Earth’s crust.It is Usually found in ore with zinc, silver and copper.
  • Used in production of Batteries (Automobiles and Inverters), ammunition, metal products (pipes), etc.
  • Current Lead Use: Over 85% of mined or recycled lead is used in lead-acid batteries.
    • Despite the phase-out of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing by 2000, lead demand has increased due to the affordability of lead-acid batteries.

Sources of Lead Pollution

Lead Pollution

Primary Sources

  • Lead-Based Paint: A major source of lead exposure, particularly in older homes.
  • Industrial Emissions: Smelting of lead ores, battery manufacturing, and other industrial processes release lead into the air and water.
  • Leaded Gasoline: Though largely phased out, residual lead from older gasoline can still contaminate soil and water.
  • Occupational Exposure: Workers in industries like mining, smelting, and battery manufacturing are at risk.

Secondary Sources

  • Soil Contamination: Lead from various sources accumulates in soil, especially in urban areas and near industrial sites.
  • Drinking Water: Lead can leach from lead pipes, fixtures, and solder, contaminating drinking water.
  • Consumer Products: Some traditional remedies, cosmetics, and imported products may contain lead.
  • Food Contamination: Lead can contaminate food through soil, water, or additives used as adulterants.
  • Dust and Soil Ingestion: Children often ingest lead-contaminated dust and soil, particularly in older homes or polluted areas.

Exposure Pathways

  • Inhalation: Breathing in lead-contaminated air or dust.
  • Ingestion: Consuming food or water contaminated with lead or ingesting lead-contaminated dust or soil.
  • Dermal Absorption: Direct skin contact with lead-containing substances.

Impact of Lead Pollution

  • Health Impact: Lead increases risk of heart disease, kidney failure, and premature death.
    • Lead exposure is linked to 5.5 million premature adult deaths annually from cardiovascular diseases as per Lancet Public Health. 
  • Adverse Health Impact: Once lead enters the bloodstream, it goes directly to the brain, particularly in children.
  • Children at Risk: An estimated 815 million children globally have blood lead levels over 50 µg/L, with 413 million over 100 µg/L.
    • As per WHO Blood lead levels as low as 3.5 µg/dL can lead to reduced intelligence, behaviour issues, and learning disabilities.
    • It is estimated to cause 765 million lost IQ points among children globally each year.
  • Accumulation in body:Lead, which mimics calcium, accumulates in bones, disrupts metabolic processes, reduces intelligence, and increases risks of heart disease, kidney failure, and premature death.
  • Economic Cost vs. Gains: The economic cost of lead-related premature deaths and cognitive impairments is estimated at $6 trillion.
    • Lead contributes less than $100 billion to the global economy, primarily through the $50 billion lead-acid battery industry.
    • The gross annual revenue from lead mining in 2020 was about $7.3 billion.
  • Environmental Impact: Lead contamination affects soil microbes and is toxic to insects, birds, and animals, disrupting ecosystems.
    • Toxic to plants: Increase in lead concentration in soil from 0 ppm (parts per million) to 1000 ppm reduced germination rate of wheat seeds from 98% to 50% and reduced biomass generated by 44%. 
    • Impact on Birds: They develop anaemia, and brain damage and can have difficulty flying, landing, and walking, and face increased mortality.

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Proposed Actions to Mitigate Lead Exposure

  • International Treaty: Researchers advocate for a global treaty to eliminate lead mining and lead-containing products, though such agreements may take years.
  • Immediate Measures: Implement progressive taxes on lead products and provide subsidies for safer alternatives.
    • Establish a phase-out date by 2035 to stimulate development of substitutes.
  • Legacy Lead Concerns: Lead contamination from previous uses will persist, but exposure would gradually decrease with reduced new lead use.
    • Example: The U.S. saw a 94% decline in blood lead levels in children under age five after phasing out lead in gasoline over 40 years.

Indian Government Steps to Control Lead Poisoning

  • Lead Battery Waste Management Rules, 2016: Mandates environmentally sound management of lead-acid batteries.
    • Requires manufacturers, importers, and dealers to collect and recycle used batteries.Sets standards for recycling facilities to minimise lead emissions and waste.
  • Import Ban on Non-Compliant Lead Acid Batteries: Prohibits the import of lead-acid batteries that do not meet specific quality and environmental standards.
    • It aims to reduce the influx of low-quality batteries that may contribute to lead pollution.
  • Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint: An international initiative to phase out the production and use of lead paint.
    • India is a signatory to the Alliance and has committed to reducing lead exposure from paint.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in its “State of Climate 2024 report” released at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP29) projects that 2024 is set to become the warmest year on record due to El Nino.

Key Findings of the State of Climate 2024 Report

  • Record Global Temperatures: The January-September 2024 global mean surface air temperature was 1.54°C above pre-industrial levels, driven in part by a strong El Niño event.
    • The 2015-2024 decade is likely to become the warmest decade on record.
    • Despite these high short-term temperatures, long-term averages remain slightly below the 1.5°C threshold set by the Paris Agreement.
  • Persistent El Niño Effects: A strong El Niño event maintained above-average global temperatures for 16 consecutive months from June 2023 to September 2024.
    • Experts caution that such warming patterns contribute significantly to the likelihood of breaching critical temperature thresholds.
  • Ocean Warming: Ocean heat trends, consistent with those seen in 2023, indicate that ocean warming is set to continue exacerbating climate change impacts, including altered marine ecosystems and more intense weather patterns.
  • Depletion of Sea Ice:
    • Antarctic Sea Ice: The annual minimum sea ice extent dropped to 2 million sq km, the second lowest since satellite monitoring began in 1979. The maximum sea ice extent was also the second lowest at 17.2 million sq km.
    • Arctic Sea Ice: Although conditions were relatively better in 2024, the annual minimum was 4.3 million sq km with the maximum at 15.2 million sq km, indicative of long-term decline.

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About El-Nino

State of Climate 2024 Report

  • El Niño represents the warmer-than-normal phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), leading to temperature and rainfall shifts worldwide.
  • Southern Oscillation: Refers to changes in air pressure over the tropical Pacific Ocean, influencing wind patterns and ocean temperatures.
  • Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs): During an El Niño event, SSTs in the equatorial Pacific Ocean near South America become warmer than the long-term average.
  • Irregular Occurrence: El Niño events are not part of a regular cycle, occurring irregularly every two to seven years and are challenging to predict.

Global and Regional Impacts of El Niño

Global Impacts

  • Warmer Global Temperatures: El Niño can contribute to a global increase in temperature, leading to heatwaves and other extreme weather events.
    • Weakening or reversal of trade winds reduces upwelling of cold water, allowing warm water to move eastward across the Pacific.
    • This increased warm water surface area further raises global average temperatures, warming the air across the Pacific and worldwide.
  • Disrupted Weather Patterns: It can alter global weather patterns, causing droughts in some regions and heavy rainfall and flooding in others.
  • Ocean Warming: El Niño can warm ocean waters, leading to coral bleaching and marine heatwaves, which can harm marine ecosystems.

Regional Impact

State of Climate 2024 Report

  • India: Leads to weaker monsoons, with increased risk of heatwaves and drought reducing rainfall during monsoon season, impacting agriculture and water availability.
  • South America (Peru Coast): Decreased fish populations due to changes in ocean currents and nutrient upwelling. It also experiences heavy rainfall and flooding in coastal regions.
  • Southeast Asia: Reduced rainfall and increased risk of drought and wildfires with flooding in some regions, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia.
  • Australia: Increased risk of droughts, especially in eastern and southern Australia leading to more frequent and intense bushfires.
  • North America:Heavy rainfall and flooding in California and other western states, and increased heatwaves in the southwestern United States.

Difference between El Nino and La Nina

State of Climate 2024 Report

About World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

  • The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organisation with a membership of 192 Member States and Territories. 
  • It is a specialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.  
  • Origin and Establishment: The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), founded in 1873. The WMO was established on 23 March 1950 with the ratification of the WMO Convention.
  • Headquarters of WMO: Geneva, Switzerland

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Governance Structure Of WMO

  • World Meteorological Congress: The supreme body of the WMO, consisting of representatives from all member states. It meets at least every four years to set general policy and adopt regulations.
  • Executive Council: A 36-member body that meets annually to implement the policies set by the Congress.
  • Secretariat: Headed by a Secretary-General, appointed by the Congress for a four-year term. It serves as the administrative centre of the organisation.

Reports Published by WMO

  • State of the Climate Reports: These annual reports provide a comprehensive overview of the global climate, including temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events.
  • Global Climate Reports: These reports provide an assessment of the state of the global climate and its long-term trends.
  • Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes: This atlas provides information on the impact of extreme weather events on human life and economic activity.
  • United in Science Reports: These reports provide a scientific assessment of the latest climate science and its implications for the future.
  • Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reports: These reports provide information on the status of the global climate observing system and its data products.

The European Central Bank (ECB) is in the process of developing a digital euro. The “preparation phase” of this project began in November 2024.

Digital Euro

  • Digital euro will allow people to pay directly from a digital wallet on smartphones or computers, eliminating the need for a bank or payment gateway.
  • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is exploring collaborations with the US and the EU for the digital rupee’s development.
  • India also plans to extend its partnership with the UAE for a cross-border pilot of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).

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Key Features and Differences from Current Digital Payment Options

  • Direct Issuance by ECB: Unlike other digital payment methods that rely on bank-managed systems, the digital euro would be directly issued and managed by the ECB, functioning as a digital equivalent of cash.
  • Microtransactions and Cost-Effectiveness: The ECB envisions the digital euro as a cost-neutral option for processing microtransactions, which are currently costly with traditional banking fees. 
    • This could enable new digital business models and reduce reliance on intermediaries.
  • Offline and Anonymous Transactions: The digital euro is designed to support offline payments, potentially offering a level of anonymity similar to physical cash.
    • Depending on the end device, the money can be transferred via Bluetooth, a browser extension or a smartphone contact.

Models Of Issuance of Digital Currency

Digital Euro

About Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC or e-Rupee)

  • It is a legal tender issued in digital form and was  launched by RBI in 2022.
  • Currency Type: It is equivalent to fiat currency and can be exchanged one-to-one with it.
    • Fiat Currency is a national currency not tied to commodities like gold or silver.
    • Holders have the freedom to convert Digital Rupee into physical cash through commercial banks
    • Its issuance follows the central bank’s financial policies.
  • Block chain-based: CBDCs are transacted using blockchain-backed wallets.
  • Backed by Central Bank: Unlike private cryptocurrencies, CBDCs are stable and trustworthy as they are backed by the central bank.
  • Programmable Money: CBDCs can have programmable features, such as smart contracts, enabling automated, self-executing financial agreements.It can be programmed to expire, incentivizing consumers to use it by a specific date.
  • Categories: The RBI has classified the digital rupee into two categories:
    • General Purpose (Retail): Accessible to the public for regular use.
    • Wholesale: For specific functions and accessible to financial institutions.

Significance of Central Bank Digital Currency

  • Direct Bilateral Exchange: Countries could directly exchange digital currencies bilaterally without needing SWIFT or other settlement systems.
  • Cost Reduction: CBDC can lower currency management costs by enabling real-time payments without inter-bank settlement.
  • Cash Replacement in India: Given India’s high currency-to-GDP ratio, CBDC can reduce reliance on cash, minimising costs associated with printing, transporting, and storing paper currency.
  • Additional Benefits:
    • Reduced cash dependency.
    • Higher seigniorage due to lower transaction costs.
    • Lower settlement risks for transactions.

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CBDC VS UPI

Digital Euro

November 11 is celebrated as National Education Day.

National Education Day 2024

  • Purpose: It commemorates the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India’s first Education Minister.
  • This day  in India has been celebrated annually since 2008.
  • National Education Day 2024 Theme: The topic of inclusive, high-quality education will be the focus of National Education Day 2024.
    • This theme promotes excellent education and aims to provide relevant skills and knowledge to the students. 

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Maulana Azad’s Legacy

National Education Day

  • Roles: Azad was a prominent journalist, freedom fighter, and senior leader in the Indian National Congress.
  • Advocacy for Unity: Despite rising communal tensions before Partition, Azad remained committed to Hindu-Muslim unity.
  • Opposition to Partition: Azad believed Indian Muslims could embrace both their Indian and Muslim identities, opposing the Muslim League’s divisive rhetoric.
  • Conflict with Jinnah: Azad’s stance led to conflicts with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who dismissed him as a “Muslim showboy” of the Congress, questioning his representation of Muslims.

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Contributions to India’s Education System

  • Institution Building: He was the first  Education Minister after independence. He played a pivotal role in founding key institutions, such as:
    • Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): The first IIT was established in Kharagpur in 1951. 
    • University Grants Commission (UGC): Set up in 1953 to oversee and regulate higher education
    • Jamia Millia Islamia; Co-founded and played a significant role in relocating it to New Delhi
    • Indian Institute of Science (IISc), bangalore
  • Focus on Education Budget: Azad increased educational expenditure significantly during his tenure, from ₹1 crore to ₹30 crore.
  • Emphasis on Adult Literacy: He identified adult literacy as a crucial area for educational improvement.

Cultural and Scientific Organisations: Azad is also credited with founding several key institutions 

  • Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR): Promotes cultural relations between India and other countries.
  • Sahitya Akademi: Promotes literature in the various languages of India.
  • Lalit Kala Akademi: Promotes fine arts in India.
  • Sangeet Natak Akademi: Promotes performing arts in India.
  • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): Promotes scientific research and industrial development

Revolutionary Activities and Role in Freedom Movement

  • Involvement with Indian Revolutionaries: After returning to India, he connected with Bengal revolutionaries like Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty, helping to establish revolutionary centers across North India and Bombay.
  • Efforts for Hindu-Muslim Unity: Despite anti-Muslim sentiments among some revolutionaries, Azad promoted Hindu-Muslim unity within the independence movement.
  • Al-Hilal and Al-Balagh Journals: In 1912, he launched the Urdu weekly Al-Hilal to spread revolutionary ideas among Muslims, promoting unity between Hindus and Muslims. 
  • After Al-Hilal was banned, he started Al-Balagh with similar objectives, which was also banned in 1916. 
    • He was subsequently exiled to Ranchi and later released in 1920.
  • Role in the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements
    • Khilafat Movement: Azad rallied the Muslim community through the Khilafat Movement, which sought to restore the Khalifa in Turkey.
    • Non-Cooperation Movement: He also  supported Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement and joined the Indian National Congress in 1920.
    • Congress Leadership: In 1923, he was elected president of a special Congress session in Delhi and, in 1940, assumed leadership again, serving as Congress President until 1946.

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Language Policy and the Role of English

  • Initial View: Azad initially favoured moving away from the English language in post-independence India.
  • Revised Perspective: In a Constituent Assembly speech (September 14, 1949), he argued that India could not immediately replace English due to:
    • Lack of a National Language: No single language had widespread acceptance or usage across the country.
    • Educational Standards: A sudden shift away from English risked compromising educational quality and student competence.
  • Balanced Approach: Azad emphasised the need for practicality over sentiment, advocating for a gradual, thoughtful approach to language policy in education.

Recognition and Legacy

  • Death and Posthumous Honour: In 1992, he was posthumously awarded India’s highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in recognition of his invaluable contributions to the nation.

COP 29 in Baku Azerbaijan

Context: COP29 climate talks are set to begin on November 11, 2024, in Azerbaijan.

Global Climate Goals in Peril Amid Leadership Shifts and Limited G20 Attendance

  • The re-election of Donald Trump, who plans to reverse the US’s carbon-cutting commitments, casts a shadow over the talks.
  • Climate Goals and Warnings
    • Paris Agreement Goals: The climate deal aims to keep warming below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.
    • Current Trajectory: The world is on track for a catastrophic 3.1°C of warming this century based on current actions.
  • Attendance and Participation
    • Absences: Outgoing President Joe Biden and many traditional leaders are not attending.
    • G20 Representation: Only a few leaders from G20 countries, which account for nearly 80% of global emissions, are present.
    • Afghanistan’s Delegation: Afghanistan sends a delegation for the first time since the Taliban took power, expected to have observer status.

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About COP29 

  • COP 29 is the 29th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
  • Purpose:
    • It is a major global event where representatives from almost all countries meet to discuss and negotiate strategies to tackle climate change.
  • Themes: Enhancing ambition and enabling action, with a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to climate impacts, and addressing loss and damage

Key points about  COP29 

  • Climate Funding Debate
    • Funding Target: Negotiators aim to increase the $100 billion-a-year target to help developing nations.
    • Contention Points: Major points of contention include the amount of funding, contributors, and access to funds.
  • Developing Countries’ Perspective
    • Financial Needs: Developing countries push for trillions of dollars in mostly grants, not loans.
    • Donor Pool Expansion: Developed countries want to expand the donor pool to include other rich nations and top emitters like China and Gulf states.
      • China’s Position: China warns against renegotiating existing agreements and calls for collective, constructive action on the climate crisis.

About Azerbaijan

  • It is a  transcontinental country.
  • capital and largest city: Baku
  • Bordering regions
    • East: Caspian Sea
    • North: Russia’s republic of Dagestan
    • West: Armenia and Turkey
    • South: Iran

Other important points

  • Highest peak: Mount Bazarduzu
  • Major river: Kura River (It is the longest river of Azerbaijan). 
  • Economy: This country is rich in oil and natural gas reserves.
    • It is a major contributor to its GDP.
    • Key agricultural products: cotton, tobacco, and citrus fruits

Antariksha Abhyas – 2024

First Ever Space Exercise Antariksha Abhyas – 2024 hosted by Defence Space Agency begins in New Delhi”.

  • A three day Exercise to war-game the growing threats from and to Space Based Assets and Services.
  • According to CDS Gen Anil Chauhan, “Space, once considered the final frontier, is now the critical enabler of India’s defence and security apparatus and India is well  positioned to navigate the challenges posed to space based capabilities”.

About Antariksha Abhyas – 2024

  • Aim: Safeguarding India’s strategic interests in space.
  • Key objectives: 
    • Identifying potential vulnerabilities to space-based services
    • Preparing for scenarios of service denial or disruption
  • Participants and Collaboration:
    • Indian military (Army, Navy, and Air Force)’
    • Specialised defence agencies such as the Defence Cyber Agency, Defence Intelligence Agency, and Strategic Forces Command.
    • ISRO and DRDO representatives are also participating, emphasizing an integrated approach to military and civilian space technology development.
  • Significance:
    • Enhance inter-agency coordination and collaboration.
    • Develop actionable insights into protecting space-based assets and handling scenarios involving space-based threats.
    • Strengthen India’s position and preparedness in addressing security challenges in space.
    • Contributing to a robust national defense strategy that encompasses space as a critical domain.

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Eurasian Otter

“Rare Eurasian Otter Rescued in Pune District Marks First Sighting of Species in the Area”.

  • The discovery highlights the importance of protecting freshwater ecosystems, as Eurasian otters are apex predators that maintain balance within their habitats.

Eurasian Otter:  The eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is one of the three otter species found in India, alongside the Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and the small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus).

  • Habitat: This species generally inhabits clean freshwater environments with ample fish, including rivers, lakes, and marshes. 
  • Characteristics: It is elusive, solitary and nocturnal.
  • Distribution: Primarily found in Europe and parts of Asia, its presence in India is rare, mainly confined to the Himalayan foothills, parts of Northeast India, and scattered sightings in the Western Ghats.
  • Threats: Pollution, Poaching, Habitat loss, Accidental trapping and road kill etc.
  • Protection Status:
    • Eurasian Otter: CITES Appendix I; WPA Schedule II; IUCN Status “Near Threatened”
    • Smooth Coated Otter: CITES Appendix II; WPA Schedule II.
    • Clawless Otter: CITES Appendix II; WPA Schedule I.
  • Ecological Role: Sensitive to habitat disturbances, playing an essential role in maintaining ecological balance by regulating fish populations.
  • Significance: Their presence is an indicator of ecosystem health and underscores the need to safeguard clean water bodies free from pollution and disturbance.

 

India and CARICOM Strengthen Ties

Context: India and CARICOM held their second Joint Commission meeting virtually on November 6, 2024.

  • Key Areas of Focus:
    • Economic Cooperation: Both sides discussed ways to enhance economic ties, including trade and investment.
    • Renewable Energy: India pledged to share its expertise in renewable energy to support CARICOM’s climate resilience efforts.
    • Education and Human Resource Development: Both sides agreed to strengthen educational partnerships and programs.
    • Infrastructure Development: India expressed its commitment to supporting CARICOM’s infrastructure development projects.
  • High-Level Engagements:
    • India-CARICOM Foreign Ministerial Meeting: Held in New York on September 27, 2024, to discuss cooperation on global challenges.

About CARICOM

  • CARICOM, which stands for Caribbean Community, is an organisation of Caribbean countries and dependencies originally established as the Caribbean Community and Commons Market in 1973 by the Treaty of Chaguaramas.
  • CARICOM is also an official United Nations Observer beneficiary.
  • Objectives of CARICOM: To promote economic integration and cooperation among its members and  ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared coordinating foreign policy of the Region.
  • Members: It has 15 members; Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.
    • The Chairmanship of the Community is rotated every six months among the member countries’ Heads.
    • The current Chairmanship lies with Antigua and Barbuda.
  • Observer states: Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands have associate member status, and Aruba, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela.
  • Secretariat: Georgetown, Guyana.

Why CARICOM Matters for India?

  • Strategic Location: The Caribbean region holds strategic importance for India.
  • Shared Values: Both India and CARICOM share common values of democracy and development.
  • Economic Opportunities: The region offers opportunities for trade, investment, and technology collaboration.
  • Mutual Interest: By strengthening ties with CARICOM, India aims to foster a mutually beneficial partnership that contributes to global stability and development.

 

Hokersar wetland

Context:  This article sheds light on the significant rainfall deficit and its impact on the Hokersar wetland in Kashmir Valley, impacting migratory bird populations.

More on the news

  • According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Kashmir is facing a rainfall deficit of 81 per cent.
  • Srinagar Deficit: Between early and mid-October, Srinagar faced 36% to 96% rainfall deficit.

About Hokersar Wetland

  • Location: Hokersar wetland is situated in the Kashmir Valley.
  • Known as: The ‘Queen Wetland of Kashmir’,
  • Ramsar Site: Recognized as a Ramsar site, known for its ecological importance.
  • Unique Features: Contains the last reedbeds of Kashmir, which serve as critical habitats for various bird species.

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Importance of Hokersar Wetland

  • Bird Migration Pathway: The wetland hosts 68 species of waterfowl, including little cormorants, common shelducks, large egrets, and great crested grebes.
  • Migration Source Regions: Birds migrate to the wetland from Siberia, China, Central Asia, and Europe.
  • Breeding and Feeding Grounds: Acts as a vital source of food, breeding habitat, and nursery for fish.

 

Seaplane lands in Mattupetty Dam

Context: The Kerala State Government is moving forward with a seaplane project at the Mattupetty reservoir after a successful trial run.

More on the news

  • The project aims to boost tourism, but concerns have been raised regarding its impact on the local wildlife.

About Mattupetty Reservoir 

  • Location: Situated near Munnar in Idukki District, Kerala, India.
  • River: Muthirapuzha River.
  • Type: Storage concrete gravity dam.
    • It stores water from Muthirapuzha River, Chanduvarai and Kundale Rivers. 
  • Purpose: Built to conserve water primarily for hydroelectric power generation.
  • Ecological Importance of Mattupetty
    • Mattupetty reservoir is surrounded by sensitive forest areas, including:
      • Anamudi Shola National Park (3.5 km to the north)
      • Pampadum Shola National Park and Kurinjimala Sanctuary to the east, both having eco-sensitive zones.
    • The nearby Kanan Devan Hills Reserve Forest provides critical habitats for wildlife, including endangered species like wild elephants.

Wildlife Concerns Highlighted by the Forest Department

  • Wild Elephant Movements: Elephants frequently move across submerged areas of the reservoir between national parks.
  • Potential Disturbances: The noise and activity from seaplane operations could disturb these animals, potentially escalating human-wildlife conflicts.

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