Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative (IFFCO) is set to organize the ICA Global Cooperative Conference with support from India’s 18 International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) member organizations.

Key Highlights of the ICA Global Cooperative Conference 2024

• Objective: The ICA Global Cooperative Conference 2024 aims to showcase India’s leadership in cooperative innovation and to strengthen global cooperation among cooperative organizations.
• Expected Outcomes: The conference is expected to foster knowledge sharing, networking, and collaboration among cooperatives worldwide, leading to innovative solutions for global challenges.

About International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)

• Establishment: Founded in 1895 in London, UK.
• Objective: To promote the cooperative idea and to support the development of cooperatives worldwide.
• Membership: Comprises national cooperative organizations, international cooperative organizations, and individual cooperative societies.
  • Some notable members of ICA are IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited), KRIBHCO (Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited), Amul Dairy Cooperative, The Cooperative Group (UK), Groupe Crédit Mutuel (France), Coop Italia, WOCCU (World Council of Credit Unions), etc
• Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.
• Role of ICA: 
  • Advocates for cooperative principles and values.
  • Provides technical assistance and capacity building to cooperatives.
  • Conducts research and policy analysis.
  • Organizes international events and conferences.
  • Represents the interests of cooperatives at the global level.

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About Cooperative Societies

• Cooperative societies are voluntary associations of individuals who join together to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
• They operate on the principle of mutual help and self-help, prioritising the well-being of their members over profit maximisation.
• Status of Cooperative Societies In India: 
  • Currently there are more than 8 lakh cooperative societies registered in various fields like Housing, Dairy, Agriculture, Finance, etc.
  • In 2021, the Ministry of Cooperation was created by the Government of India for realising the vision of ‘Sahkar se Samriddhi’.
• Jurisdiction: Cooperatives are a state subject under the Constitution.
  • The subject ‘Cooperative Societies’ is mentioned in entry 32 of the State List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

Types of Cooperative Societies in India

• Consumer Cooperatives: These societies aim to provide quality goods and services to their members at affordable prices. Examples include Kendriya Bhandar and Apna Bazar.
• Producer Cooperatives: These societies support small producers by providing them with resources, technology, and market access. Examples include Amul Dairy Cooperative and Karnataka Handloom Weavers’ Cooperative Society.
• Marketing Cooperatives: These societies facilitate the collective marketing of agricultural and other products, ensuring better prices for their members.
• Credit Cooperatives: These societies offer financial services like loans and savings to their members, particularly those from rural and marginalised communities. Examples include Urban Cooperative Banks and Rural Cooperative Banks.
• Housing Cooperatives: These societies provide affordable housing solutions to their members by pooling resources and collectively developing housing projects.

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Evolution of the Cooperative Movement in India

The cooperative movement in India has evolved significantly over the years, influenced by various factors, including government policies, social reforms, and economic conditions.

• Pre-Independence Era:
  • Informal Origins: Early forms of cooperatives, such as Chit funds, Nidhis, and village-level mutual aid societies, existed.
  • Formalisation: The Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904 and the Cooperative Societies Act of 1912 laid the foundation for the formal cooperative movement.
    • Agricultural Credit Cooperative Society, of Kanaginahal village of Gadag District , Karnataka was the first cooperative Society formed under  Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904.
  • Gandhian Influence: Mahatma Gandhi promoted cooperative principles and encouraged their adoption as a means to empower rural communities and achieve economic self-sufficiency.
• Post-Independence Era:
  • Government Support: The government recognized the potential of cooperatives in promoting rural development and economic growth.
  • National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC): Established in 1963, the NCDC provides financial and technical assistance to cooperative societies.
  • National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD): Established in 1982, NABARD promotes rural development and provides credit and other financial services to cooperatives.
  • Legislative Reforms: The Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002 and 2023 Amendment for better regulation of Multi State Cooperative Societies and the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011, further strengthened the cooperative movement.

The Role of Cooperatives in India

Cooperatives have played a pivotal role in India’s socio-economic development, particularly in rural areas. They have empowered millions of people, improved livelihoods, and contributed to national growth. Here’s a detailed look at their key roles:

• Rural Development
  • Credit and Financial Services: Cooperative banks and credit societies provide affordable credit to farmers and rural entrepreneurs, enabling them to invest in their businesses and improve productivity.
    • Cooperatives provide 20% of the total agricultural credit in the country, ensuring access to finance for farmers.
  • Input Supply: Cooperatives procure and distribute quality agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilisers, and pesticides at reasonable prices, ensuring timely access for farmers.
    • Cooperatives distribute 35% of the total fertilisers and produce 25% of the fertilisers in India.
  • Market Access: Cooperatives facilitate market access for farmers by aggregating their produce, negotiating better prices, and connecting them to domestic and international markets.
  • Infrastructure Development: Cooperatives often invest in rural infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, roads, and storage facilities, which benefits the entire community.
• Poverty Reduction
  • Income Generation: Cooperatives provide employment opportunities, both directly and indirectly, to a large number of people, especially in rural areas. For instance, the Amul Dairy Cooperative has provided livelihoods to millions of dairy farmers in Gujarat.
  • Skill Development: Cooperatives often organise training programs to enhance the skills of their members, enabling them to improve their productivity and income.
  • Social Safety Nets: Cooperatives can act as social safety nets, providing support to their members during times of economic hardship or natural disasters.
• Social and Economic Empowerment
  • Women’s Empowerment: Women’s self-help groups, which are often cooperative-based, empower women by providing them with financial resources, training, and a platform to voice their concerns.
  • Marginalised Groups: Cooperatives can empower marginalised groups like tribal communities and small farmers by providing them with access to resources and markets.
  • Community Development: Cooperatives contribute to community development by investing in education, healthcare, and other social welfare activities.
• Food Security
  • Increased Agricultural Productivity: Cooperatives promote the adoption of modern agricultural practices, leading to higher yields and improved quality.
    • Cooperatives contribute to 31% of the total sugar production in the country and more than 10% of the total milk produced in India.
    • They contribute to more than 21% of the fishermen’s business, supporting the fishing industry and coastal communities.
  • Efficient Food Distribution: Cooperatives ensure the efficient distribution of food grains and other agricultural products, reducing wastage and ensuring food security.
  • Price Stabilisation: Cooperatives can help stabilise prices by acting as both buyers and sellers of agricultural products.
    • Cooperatives procure more than 13% of wheat and 20% of paddy produced in the country, ensuring fair prices for farmers.
    • Consumer cooperatives provide essential goods and services to consumers at reasonable prices.

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Government Initiatives to Strengthen Cooperatives

• Ministry of Cooperation: The establishment of the Ministry of Cooperation in 2021 has provided a dedicated platform for addressing the needs and challenges of the cooperative sector.
• Financial Support: The government provides financial assistance to cooperatives through various schemes and programs.

Key Challenges for Cooperative Societies in India

• Governance Issues
  • Lack of Transparency and Accountability: Many cooperatives suffer from a lack of transparency in financial dealings and decision-making processes. This can lead to corruption and misuse of funds.
  • Limited Member Participation: Low levels of member participation in decision-making can weaken cooperatives and make them vulnerable to external influences.
  • Ineffective Governance Structures: Weak governance structures, including board of directors and management committees, can hinder the effective functioning of cooperatives.
    • Weak corporate governance has led to the failure of many cooperative banks, resulting in 145 mergers of non-scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) since 2004-05, including nine in 2021-22.
• Financial Constraints
  • Limited Access to Finance: Cooperatives, especially those in rural areas, often face difficulties in accessing finance from traditional sources like banks and financial institutions.
  • High Interest Rates: Even when they manage to secure loans, cooperatives often have to pay higher interest rates compared to other businesses.
  • Non-Performing Assets (NPAs): A significant number of cooperative banks suffer from high NPAs, which can erode their financial health.
    • Due to poor  financial conditions, as many as 17 Cooperative  banks were shut down in 2023 with the highest number of annual licence cancellations by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Capacity Building
  • Lack of Skilled Personnel: Many cooperative societies lack the necessary skills and expertise to manage their operations effectively.
  • Poor Financial Management: Weak financial management practices can lead to financial losses and instability.
  • Limited Technological Adoption: The slow adoption of technology can hinder the growth and efficiency of cooperatives.
• Competition
  • Competition from Private Sector: Cooperatives often face stiff competition from private sector entities, which may have access to better resources and technology.
  • Market Dominance: Large corporations can dominate markets, making it difficult for cooperatives to compete.
  • Price Fluctuations: Fluctuations in input and output prices can impact the profitability of cooperatives.
• Lack of Public Trust
  • Historical Issues: Some cooperatives have been associated with financial mismanagement and corruption, leading to a negative perception.
  • Lack of Transparency: A lack of transparency in operations and financial dealings can erode public trust.
  • Ineffective Governance: Poor governance practices, including nepotism and favouritism, can further undermine public confidence.
    • For instance, the Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank (PMC Bank) faced a major crisis due to fraudulent practices and mismanagement, leading to a severe liquidity crunch and inconvenience to its depositors.

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Way Forward

• Strengthening Governance: Promoting transparency, accountability, and member participation.
• Improving Financial Management: Implementing sound financial practices and seeking alternative sources of finance.
• Capacity Building: Investing in training and development programs for cooperative members and staff.
• Policy Support: Creating a supportive policy environment to encourage the growth and development of cooperatives.
• Collaboration and Networking: Fostering collaboration among cooperatives to share knowledge and resources.
• Addressing the Lack of Public Trust: Implement robust transparency measures, such as regular financial audits, public disclosure of financial statements, and transparent decision-making processes.

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Union Environment Ministry has exempted 39 categories of industries from the mandatory requirement of approaching State pollution control Boards for permission to run their industries.

• All of these sectors are in the “white category” of industries, meaning they are the least polluting in nature, by a 2016 classification by the Central Pollution Control Board
• Industries affected include:
  • Solar cell and module manufacturing
  • Wind and hydel power units
  • Fly ash brick/block manufacturing
  • Leather cutting and stitching
  • Assembly of air coolers/conditioners and repair services.

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Industry Categories Classification 

• Categorization by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
  • Red Category: Highest scrutiny due to toxic effluents.
  • Orange Category: Moderate pollution potential.
  • Green Category: Lesser pollution potential.
  • White Category: Least polluting; minimal environmental impact.
• Rationale for Exemption:
  • Reduces “compliance burden” for industries.
  • Eliminates the need for dual compliance (Environmental Clearance (EC) and Consent to Establish (CTE)).
  • White category industries no longer need CTE or Consent to Operate (CTO).

Dual compliance of Environmental Clearance (EC) and Consent to Establish (CTE) for setting up of new industries

• Permissions known as ‘Consent to establish’ (CTE) and ‘Consent to operate’ (CTO) are granted to regulate industries that discharge effluents or emit pollutants into the environment.

• CTE: Granted by the state pollution control board, Concerned carrying either standard or specific conditions to be adhered to for complying with pollution norms. 
• As per the Water Act, 1974, and Air Act, 1981, CTE or a NOC is required before the commencement of the construction activities and CTO before starting operation of units like individual establishments from the state pollution control boards concerned.
• Now, Non-polluting white category industries will not be required to take CTE or Consent to Operate (CTO) at all 
  • The industries who have taken EC will not be required to take CTE

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Implications of the Exemption

• Ease of Doing Business:
  • Reduces bureaucratic hurdles and duplication of approvals.
  • Supports the government’s aim to enhance the ease of doing business.
• Industry Feedback:
  • Addresses a long-standing industry demand to simplify processes.
• Environmental Oversight:
  • White category industries received easier permissions even before this formal notification.

Categorization of Industrial Sectors Based on Pollution Index:

• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) categorizes industrial sectors based on their Pollution Index (PI). 
  • `This index measures pollution levels from emissions, effluents, hazardous waste, and resource use.
• Pollution Index (PI): Ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating greater pollution.
  • Pollution Index Scores and Categories:
    • Red: PI 60+ (High pollution)
    • Orange: PI 41-59 (Moderate pollution)
    • Green: PI 21-40 (Low pollution)
    • White: PI 20 or less (Minimal pollution)

About White category sectors

• White Category Industries are the category of industries which are non-polluting industries.
• These industries typically have a Pollution Index (PI) score of 20 or less, indicating a low degree of pollution.
  • Exemptions:
    • Do not need prior permission from state pollution control boards.
    • Exempt from permissions under the Air Act, 1981.
    • Exempt from permissions under the Water Act, 1974.
  • Examples:
    • Wind power projects
    • Solar power projects
    • Assembly of air coolers
    • Bicycle assembly

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• Environmental Impact of White Category Industries
  • Low Pollution Levels: White Category Industries produce minimal emissions, effluents, and hazardous waste.
    • Their operations have a smaller effect on air, water, and soil quality compared to industries with higher pollution categories.
  • Resource Consumption: These industries are more efficient in using resources.
    • This efficiency helps further reduce their overall environmental footprint.
  • Sufficiency of Exemptions: Although their pollution levels are low, the justification for their permit exemptions needs regular review.
    • Ongoing monitoring is essential to ensure these industries continue to have minimal environmental impact and do not contribute to long-term environmental harm.

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The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (IOC-UNESCO) has recognised 24 coastal villages in Odisha as ‘Tsunami Ready’ during the 2nd Global Tsunami Symposium in Indonesia.

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About the Tsunami Ready Villages

• Tsunami Ready Villages are coastal communities/villages recognised under the UNESCO-IOC Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme (TRRP) for their preparedness to respond effectively to tsunami threats.
• Activities Conducted in these Tsunami Ready Villages:
  • Training of stakeholders.
  • Community awareness programs.
  • Development of tsunami management plans.
  • Identification of evacuation routes.
  • Mock drills for readiness.
• Recently Recognized Villages: The villages are located across six coastal districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, and Ganjam.
• Renewal Of Tsunami Ready Recognition Certificates: Certificates for two villages, Noliasahi (Jagatsinghpur) and Venkatraipur (Ganjam), initially recognized in 2020, were renewed.
• Verification Process Inspection:
  • Conducted by the National Tsunami Ready Recognition Board (NTRB).
    • The NTRB is composed of scientists from the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and officers from National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
    • NTRB is responsible for reviewing and approving the Tsunami Ready Application.
  • Criteria: Evaluation based on 12 specific indicators.

• • Recommendation: After verification, NTRB recommended recognition to IOC-UNESCO for recognising the communities of these 26 coastal villages of Odisha as Tsunami Ready Communities.
• Future Plans
  • Tsunami-Prone Villages:
    • The Odisha government identified 381 villages as vulnerable.
    • Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) aims to make all these communities ‘Tsunami Ready’.

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About 2nd UNESCO-IOC Global Tsunami Symposium

• Theme: “Two Decades After 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Reflection and the Way Forward.”
• Dates: Held from November 11–14, 2024.
• Location: Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
• Organisers: Hosted by the Government of Indonesia through BMKG (Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics).
  • Collaboration with UNESCO-IOC Tsunami Resilience Section and IUGG Joint Tsunami Commission.
• Symposium Goals: 
  • Review Regional Contributions: Review contributions to the UN Ocean Decade Tsunami Programme (ODTP).
    • ODTP an effort to bolster the global tsunami warning system by reducing response times and enhancing community readiness
  • Alignment with UN Goals: Support the objectives of the UN Ocean Decade Tsunami Programme (ODTP) under the “Safe Ocean” outcome of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development by 2030.
    • More accurate and timely tsunami warnings;
    • 100% at-risk communities prepared and resilient to the tsunami threat. 

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In a remarkable first, the critically endangered Red Headed Vulture has been sighted in Kasaragod, Kerala marking a significant addition to the region’s avian biodiversity.

About Red Headed Vulture

• They are also known as the “Asian King Vulture or Pondicherry Vulture”.
• It is one of the 9 vulture species found in India.
• +Appearance:
  • Dark, medium-sized vulture with a bare reddish head and neck flaps.
  • Weighs approximately 5 kg, average length over 80 cm.
  • Primarily solitary; seen alone or with a mate.
  • Black plumage with a distinctive white patch on the abdomen, visible during flight.
• Distribution: they are found in Central India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• Breeding: Breeding takes place between November and January.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule 1.
  • CITES Status: Appendix II

About Vultures in India

• India is home to nine species of vultures, which are categorised as either resident or migratory:
  • Resident species: White-rumped vulture, Indian vulture, slender-billed vulture, red-headed vulture, bearded vulture, and Egyptian vulture
  • Migratory species: Cinereous vulture, griffon vulture, and Himalayan vulture 
• The conservation status of these species varies, with some being critically endangered and others near threatened:
  • Critically endangered: White-rumped vulture, slender-billed vulture, long-billed vulture, and red-headed vulture
  • Endangered: Egyptian vulture
  • Near threatened: Himalayan griffon, cinereous vulture, and bearded vulture 
• Decline in population: Vulture populations have seen a steep decline across South Asia, especially in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
  • The primary cause of this decline, occurring in the late 1990s and early 2000s, was the widespread use of the veterinary drug diclofenac, which is toxic to vultures.

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Threat faced by Vultures in India

• Poisoning:
  • Use of Veterinary Drugs: The extensive use of veterinary drugs like diclofenac, ketoprofen, and aceclofenac during the late 20th century has severely impacted vulture populations.
  • Toxic Effects: These drugs, used to treat livestock pain and inflammation, are lethal to vultures that consume the carcasses of treated animals.
  • Diclofenac’s Impact: Diclofenac specifically leads to fatal kidney failure in vultures; similar effects have been observed with ketoprofen and aceclofenac.
  • Pesticide Contamination: Vultures often consume carcasses contaminated with pesticides or other toxins.
  • Lead Poisoning: Vultures feeding on animals shot with lead ammunition can suffer from fatal lead poisoning, contributing further to population declines.
• Habitat Loss
  • Urbanization and Deforestation: The expansion of urban areas, deforestation, and agricultural development have resulted in significant habitat loss.
  • Impact on Nesting Sites: Destruction of nesting and roosting sites, as well as food sources, poses a challenge to vulture survival.
• Collisions with Infrastructure
  • Vulnerability: Vultures are prone to collisions with power lines, wind turbines, and other man-made structures.
  • Resulting Injuries and Deaths: Such incidents lead to injuries or fatalities, further reducing their numbers.
• Poaching and Hunting:
  • Cultural Beliefs and Wildlife Trade: In some regions, vultures are hunted due to cultural practices or illegal wildlife trade, exacerbating their decline.
• Diseases:
  • Avian Diseases: Outbreaks of diseases like avian pox and avian flu can severely impact vulture populations, adding to the reduction in their numbers.

Vulture Conservation Efforts in India

• Addressing Drug Threats
  • Diclofenac Ban: India banned the veterinary use of diclofenac in 2006 to prevent vulture deaths from kidney failure due to contaminated carcasses.
  • Vulture Action Plan 2020-25: Launched by the Ministry for Environment, Forests, and Climate Change to minimize diclofenac use and prevent contamination of vulture food sources.
  • Extended Ban: In August 2023, the use of ketoprofen and aceclofenac was also banned for veterinary purposes to safeguard vultures.
• Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
  • Vulture Conservation Breeding Centres (VCBCs): India established a network of breeding centres, the first of which was set up in Pinjore, Haryana, in 2001.
  • Centre Network: Currently, there are nine VCBCs, with three managed by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), focused on raising vulture populations for release into the wild.
  • Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Centre: The Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Centre, was inaugurated in September , 2024 in Bharivaisi, Gorakhpur Forest Division, Uttar Pradesh. 
• Sanctuaries: 
  • India’s only vulture sanctuary is located in Ramanagara, Karnataka, and is called the Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary.
• Vulture Restaurant Initiative
  • Safe Feeding Sites: A ‘Vulture Restaurant’ was set up in Jharkhand’s Koderma district to provide uncontaminated food sources and mitigate the impact of toxic livestock drugs.
• Other Conservation Measures
  • Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH): The ‘Species Recovery Programme’ under IDWH includes vulture conservation efforts.
  • Vulture Safe Zones: These programs are active in eight locations across India, including two sites in Uttar Pradesh.
  • Legal Protection: Species like the Bearded, Long-billed, Slender-billed, and Oriental white-backed vultures are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, while others fall under Schedule IV.
• International Collaboration
  • SAVE (Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction): A consortium of regional and international organizations dedicated to conservation, awareness campaigns, and fundraising to support vulture recovery in South Asia.

Way Forward for Vulture Conservation

• Regulation of Harmful Drugs: Strengthen the regulation of harmful veterinary drugs and promote the use of safer alternatives. Consider wider bans on drugs such as nimesulide.
• Education and Safe Carcass Disposal: Increase awareness on safe carcass disposal and establish vulture feeding centers with safe food.
• Nesting Site Protection: Identify and protect vulture nesting and roosting areas and create corridors linking feeding and nesting sites.
• Continuous Monitoring: Ensure strict vigilance to eliminate the use of diclofenac in veterinary practices.
• Comprehensive Strategy: Effective vulture conservation requires a multi-faceted approach, and India’s ongoing efforts can serve as a model for other countries facing similar challenges.

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Conclusion

Effective conservation of vultures requires sustained efforts, collaboration, and strict regulation of harmful practices. India’s multifaceted initiatives offer a promising blueprint for reversing the decline and protecting these vital scavengers for ecological balance.

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BSNL, the state-owned telecom provider, has introduced India’s first direct to device satellite internet service, aiming to provide broadband connectivity to remote areas. 

• The service was launched in collaboration with Viasat, a US-based communications company.
• Announced at the Indian Mobile Congress (IMC) 2024 and communicated by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).

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About Direct to Device Satellite Technology

• Direct to Device satellite technology is a connectivity solution that allows devices to directly communicate with satellites in orbit, bypassing traditional ground-based cellular towers.
• This technology provides network coverage in areas where cellular or Wi-Fi networks are unavailable, ensuring connectivity in remote or underserved regions.

How It Works

• Satellite Signal Transmission: Devices on the ground receive signals directly from satellites positioned in orbit, typically geostationary or low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites.
• Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN): Uses NTN technology for seamless two-way communication between devices and satellites.
• Geostationary Satellites: Positioned at an altitude of 36,000 km, these satellites provide broad coverage and reliable connections.

Key Features of D2D Satellite Technology

• Wide Area Coverage: D2D satellite technology can cover vast geographical areas, including remote regions with limited or no terrestrial network infrastructure. This makes it ideal for countries with diverse terrains or large rural populations.
• High-Speed Internet Access: This technology offers high-speed internet access, enabling seamless browsing, streaming, and online activities. This can bridge the digital divide and promote economic development in remote areas.
• Reliable Connectivity: D2D satellite technology is less susceptible to disruptions caused by natural disasters or infrastructure failures, ensuring reliable connectivity even in challenging weather conditions.
• Emergency Communication: It can be utilised for emergency communication in disaster-stricken areas or regions with limited network coverage, enabling vital communication during crises.
• Internet of Things (IoT) Support: D2D satellite technology can support IoT devices, facilitating remote monitoring and control of various systems. This can drive smart city initiatives and digital transformation.

Potential Benefits for India

• Connectivity for Remote Areas: Ideal for rural and sparsely populated regions where traditional infrastructure is hard to maintain.

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• First Service for Regular Users: Unlike emergency-focused satellite communication, this service is available for regular public use.
• Economic Empowerment: It could support UPI payments and digital transactions, crucial for financial inclusion in underserved areas.
• Bridging the Digital Divide: Connects remote and underserved areas, promoting digital inclusion.
• Disaster Management: It facilitates communication and coordination during emergencies.
• National Security: It enhances communication capabilities for defense and strategic purposes.
• Travel and Safety: It is beneficial for travellers and adventurers needing reliable communication channels.
• Revival and Innovations by BSNL: Part of BSNL’s larger effort to revamp its services and stay competitive in the telecom sector.

Challenges

• High Initial Cost: Deployment and maintenance of satellite infrastructure can be expensive.
• Latency: There are chances to increase latency in real-time applications like video calls.
• Regulatory Framework: Requires clear regulations and spectrum allocation for seamless operation.
• Device Compatibility: Ensuring compatibility with various devices and operating systems are challenging.
• Propagation challenges: Overcoming signal loss and interference in diverse environments

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Conclusion

D2D satellite technology holds immense potential to revolutionise connectivity, especially in countries like India. It can bridge the digital divide, empower remote communities, and contribute to socio-economic development. However, addressing challenges related to cost, latency, and regulatory frameworks is crucial for its successful implementation.

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India’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels are expected to increase by 4.6% in 2024, the highest among major economies, according to a new report by Global Carbon Project.

Key findings of the Report

• Highest Emission: India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuels are expected to rise by 4.6% in 2024, the highest among major economies.
• Global Emission: Global CO2 emissions are set to reach a record 37.4 billion tonnes in 2024, a 0.8% increase from 2023.
• Largest contributions to global fossil CO2 emissions in 2023:  China (31%), the USA (13%), India (8%), and the European Union (7%)
  • These four regions account for 59% of global fossil CO2 emissions, while the rest of the world contributed 41%.
• Global Warming Warning: At this rate, there’s a 50% chance that global warming could exceed 1.5°C in approximately six years.
  • Land and ocean CO2 sinks combined took around half of the total CO2 emissions

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About Global Carbon Project

• The Global Carbon Project (GCP) is a non-governmental organization that studies the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical cycles. 
• The GCP was established in 2001 by the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP). 
• It’s a core project of Future Earth and a research partner of the World Climate Research Programme. 
  • The GCP’s work is supported by hundreds of volunteer scientists.
• The GCP’s goals include: 
  • Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions: The GCP studies the causes and amounts of global greenhouse gas emissions. 
  • Understanding the carbon cycle: The GCP studies the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical cycles, including the interactions between humans and the biophysical system. 
  • Supporting policy and action: The GCP’s research supports policy debate and action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 
• The GCP’s projects include:
• • Global Carbon Budget: An annual update on carbon budget and trends
  • Methane Budget: A regular update on the global methane budget and trends
  • Global Carbon Atlas: A platform to explore and visualise data on carbon fluxes 

Global warming Global warming is a pressing environmental issue that has far-reaching implications for the Earth’s climate system.  It refers to the long-term increase in average temperatures due to the accumulation of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) in the atmosphere.  This rise in temperature has several effects on global climate patterns, including increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems.

CO2’s Role in Global Warming

• Primary Driver: CO2 is responsible for approximately 70% of global warming.
• Radiative Forcing (RF): CO2 has the highest positive RF among climate drivers, as per the IPCC 2013 report.
• Increase Since Industrial Revolution:
  • CO2 levels have increased by 50% since 1750.
  • Now, atmospheric CO2 is 150% of pre-industrial levels (NASA data).

Reasons for CO2’s Dominant Impact

• Abundance: CO2 is more abundant in the atmosphere compared to CH4 and HFCs.
• Longevity: CO2 remains in the atmosphere longer:
  • CH4: Leaves the atmosphere in about a decade (converts to CO2).
  • CO2: 40% stays for 100 years, 20% for 1000 years, and 10% for up to 10,000 years.
  • N2O: Stays for about a century.
• Potency vs. Impact:
  • CH4 is 80 times more potent than CO2, and HFCs are thousands of times more powerful, but CO2’s sheer volume makes it the most impactful.

About Greenhouse Gases

• Greenhouse gases are a type of atmospheric gases that have the capability of raising the surface temperature by absorbing solar radiation.
• Types: Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor.
• Effects: The greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, is a natural phenomenon that is necessary for life to thrive on earth.
  • However, if the greenhouse effect is amplified more than that is necessary, it leads to a phenomenon known as global warming.
• Sources: The amount of carbon dioxide and other radiation absorbing gases have increased due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial and vehicular emissions, paddy cultivation, fossil fuel extraction etc.
  • Excessive emission of these greenhouse gases reduces the ability of the earth to sequester them naturally, leading to global warming.

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Effects of Greenhouse Gases

• Warming of Earth: Due to greenhouse gases, the sun’s heat gets trapped in Earth’s atmosphere. This process makes Earth much warmer.
• Melting of Polar Ice: Due to rise in global temperatures, polar ice gets melted. This could affect Earth’s climate drastically.
• Depletion of Corals: Rise in sea surface temperatures could harm the survival of corals, which are vulnerable to hot temperatures.
• Rise in Sea Levels: The melting of polar ice could lead to rise in sea levels, which could inundate low lying coastal areas.
• Climate Vagaries: Climate change, which is a consequence of the greenhouse effect, will create vagaries in climate. It could lead to disasters such as cyclones, floods, landslides etc.

Greenhouse Gas Control Strategies

• Electric Vehicles: It will reduce emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
• Promoting Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biofuel, tidal etc must be promoted to reduce dependency on coal.
• Afforestation: Growing trees will lead to sequestration of carbon.
  • This will keep the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in check.
• Climate-friendly Agriculture: Crops that emit methane must be avoided. If it is not possible, then methane footprint must be reduced.
• Geoengineering: The method such as carbon capture allows artificial reduction of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.

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Commission for air quality management in NCR and adjoining areas ordered the imposition of the graded response action plan (GRAP) stage IV restrictions as the air quality index (AQI) in Delhi goes above 400. 

About Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

• The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is an emergency response plan that aims to reduce air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region. 
  • The Supreme Court of India approved GRAP in 2016 in the case M. C. Mehta v. Union of India. The MoEFCC notified GRAP in 2017. 
• Implementation: The Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR & Adjoining Areas (CAQM) is responsible for implementing GRAP. 
  • The CAQM uses forecasts from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) to inform its decisions.

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Key Features of GRAP

• GRAP is a set of measures that are implemented when the Air Quality Index (AQI) in the Delhi-NCR region reaches a certain level. 
• Incremental Nature: GRAP is designed to be incremental, meaning as air quality worsens, measures from successive stages are triggered.
  • Stage 1 (Poor AQI – 201 to 300)
  • Stage 2 (Very Poor AQI – 301 to 400)
  • Stage 3 (Severe AQI – 401 to 450)
  • Stage 4 (Severe + AQI – More than 450)

About Air Quality Index (AQI)

• The Air Quality Index (AQI) was introduced in 2014 to systematically monitor and report the air quality in India.
• Categories: The AQI is based on six categories: 
  • Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
• Pollutants Considered:
  • The AQI is calculated using the average concentrations of eight key pollutants:
    • PM10 (Particulate Matter ≤ 10 micrometers)
    • PM2.5 (Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5 micrometers)
    • Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)
    • Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)
    • Carbon monoxide (CO)
    • Ground-level ozone (O₃)
    • Ammonia (NH₃)
    • Lead (Pb)
• Time Interval for Measurement:
  • The AQI uses 24-hourly average values for PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, NH₃, and Pb.
  • For CO and O₃, 8-hourly average values are used.
• Calculation Criteria:
  • A minimum of data from three pollutants is required to calculate the AQI.
  • At least one of these pollutants must be either PM10 or PM2.5.
• AQI Range and Scale: The AQI is categorized on a scale ranging from 0 to 500 to determine the level of air quality in different states and cities.
• Development: The AQI was developed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with air quality experts.

About the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

• The CAQM is a statutory body established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021.
• Mandate: The primary mandate of CAQM is to ensure better coordination, conduct research, identify issues, and find resolutions related to air quality in the region, along with managing related matters or any connected concerns.
• Composition of CAQM
  • Chairperson: A government official at the rank of Secretary or Chief Secretary, serving for three years or until the age of 70.
  • Ex officio Members: Five members, who are Chief Secretaries or Secretaries from the environment departments of Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
  • Full-Time Members: Three technical experts.
  • NGO Representation: Three members from non-governmental organisations.
  • Technical Experts: Members from CPCB, ISRO, and NITI Aayog.

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• Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction of CAQM extends to the National Capital Region (NCR), which includes Delhi and parts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
  • The jurisdiction may also cover any other adjoining areas notified by the central government.
• Overriding Powers: The CAQM holds overriding authority over other regulatory bodies like the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) within its jurisdiction, ensuring that it has comprehensive control over air quality management.

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India has achieved a major milestone by successfully conducting flight trial of long range hypersonic missile from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island, off-the-coast of Odisha. 

• This hypersonic missile is designed to carry various payloads for ranges greater than 1,500 kms for the Armed Forces.

About Hypersonic Missiles

• Speed: A hypersonic missile is a weapon system which flies at least at the speed of Mach 5 i.e. five times the speed of sound and is manoeuvrable. 
• Manoeuvrability: Unlike ballistic missiles, hypersonic missiles do not follow a ballistic trajectory and can be manoeuvred to the intended target.
• Types: Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGV) and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles. 
  • The HGV is launched from a rocket before gliding to the intended target. 
  • The hypersonic cruise missile is powered by air breathing high speed engines or ‘scramjets’ after acquiring their target.
• Advantage: Hypersonic weapons can enable responsive, long range strike options against distant, defended or time critical threats (such as road mobile missiles) when other forces are unavailable, denied access or not preferred.

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• Detectability:
  • These missiles could challenge detection and defence due to their speed, manoeuvrability and low altitude of flight. 
  • Ground based radars or terrestrial radars cannot detect hypersonic missiles until late in the flight of the weapon. 
  • This delayed detection makes it difficult for the responders to the missile attack to assess their options and to attempt to intercept the missiles. 
• Countries possessing: US, Russia and China are in advanced stages of hypersonic missile programmes, India, France, Germany, Japan and Australia too are developing hypersonic weapons.

Classification of Missiles

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Types of Missiles: Based on Trajectory 

Also Read: List of Indian Missiles

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555th Birth Anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji

Context: Recently, Guru Nanak Jayanti or Gurpurab was  celebrated with religious fervour across India and the world. 

More on the news

• This year marks the 555th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

About Guru Nanak Jayanti

• Guru Nanak Jayanti, also known as Gurpurab, is the most significant festival for Sikhs.
• It commemorates the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Sikh Guru.
• The festival falls on Kartik Poornima, the fifteenth lunar day of Kartik (Hindu calendar), usually in November as per the Gregorian calendar.

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Celebrations and Rituals

• Celebrations start two days before with:
  • Akhand Path: A 48-hour continuous recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib in Gurudwaras.
  • Nagarkirtan: A colorful procession led by the Panj Pyare (five beloved ones) carrying the Nishan Sahib (Sikh flag).
  • Hymns are sung, martial arts are performed, and streets are decorated with flags and flowers.

About Guru Nanak Dev

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1469, in Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi (modern-day Nankana Sahib, Pakistan).
• He was one of the ten sikh gurus. 
• His motto for disciples: “kirat karo, naam japo and vand chhako” 
• Other name;  Bābā Nānak
• He founded Sikhism in the 15th century and authored 974 hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib.
  • Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of Sikhism.
• Death: He died on 22 September 1539 (age 70 years), Kartarpur, Pakistan. 
• Guru Nanak’s teachings emphasize:
  • The oneness of the Creator.
  • Selfless service to humanity.
  • Social justice and equality for all.
  • The Guru’s role as a spiritual guide and social reformer.
• Concepts Introduced
  • He introduced the concept of Sangat”(community).
    • Here all people can come together to worship. 
  • Dasvandh” or donating one-tenth of one’s earning  among needy people. 

Operation Dronagiri

Context: On 13th November 2024, Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), launched Operation Dronagiri at the Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FITT), IIT Delhi.

About Operation Dronagiri 

• It is an  initiative under India’s National Geospatial Policy 2022. 
• Aim: To demonstrate how geospatial technologies and innovations can improve citizens’ quality of life and enhance the ease of doing business.
• Key Features of Operation Dronagiri
  • Showcase potential applications of geospatial data and technologies.
  • Improve agriculture, livelihoods, logistics, and transport sectors.
  • Establish a robust base for nationwide implementation of geospatial technologies.
  • Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI)
    • A crucial component of Operation Dronagiri is the GDI, which facilitates seamless data sharing, access, and analysis. 
      • This platform empowers organizations to make data-driven decisions and promote innovation in various sectors.

Implementation

• Phase 1 Pilot Projects: The initial phase will focus on five states: Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
• Sectoral Focus: The pilot projects will concentrate on agriculture, livelihoods, logistics, and transport.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Government departments, industries, corporations, and startups will collaborate to implement the project.
  • This model is similar to UPI deployment.

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PM Modi Honoured with Nigeria’s Second-Highest National Award

Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi received Nigeria’s second-highest national award, the Grand Commander of the Order of Niger, from President Bola Ahmed Tinubu at the State House.

About Grand Commander of the Order of Niger

• Historical Significance: PM Narendra Modi is the second foreign leader to receive this distinction after Queen Elizabeth in 1969.
  • This award marks PM Modi’s 17th international honour for global leadership.

Significance of the Award

• Global Leadership: Reflects PM Modi’s international stature and India’s growing role in global diplomacy.
• Highlights India’s contributions to peace, unity, and development on the world stage.
• Bilateral Ties: Celebrates the enhancement of the India-Nigeria Strategic Partnership.
  • Recognizes his efforts in fostering unity, peace, and prosperity globally.

About Nigeria

It is the most populous Country on the west coast of Africa.

• It shares Boundaries with:
  • North: Niger
  • East: Chad and Cameroon
  • West: Benin
  • South: Maritime boundary along the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean).
• Natural Resources: Rich in petroleum and natural gas, contributing significantly to its economy.
• Principal Rivers:
  • Niger River: The main river of the country.
  • Benue River: The largest tributary of the Niger River.

Maori Haka Dance

Context: Recently New Zealand’s youngest MP, Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke, led a haka protest in Parliament against a controversial bill aiming to redefine the Treaty of Waitangi.

About the Haka

• The haka was traditionally a war dance performed by warriors of the Maori Tribe  to intimidate opponents.
  • It also served as a medium for storytelling, celebration, and honouring ancestors.
• It represents strength, defiance, and unity through synchronised movements, chants, and symbolic expressions like wide eyes and tongue protrusions.
• Each haka conveys a unique message tied to heritage, resilience, and communal values.

About the Maori Tribe

• The Maori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand (Aotearoa), believed to have arrived from East Polynesia around 1300 CE.
• Culture and Heritage: Known for their rich oral traditions, intricate wood carving, and deep spiritual connection to the land.
  • Central to Maori identity are whakapapa (genealogy) and mātauranga (knowledge).
• Language: Te Reo Maori, the Maori language, is one of New Zealand’s official languages, symbolising cultural revival.
• Contemporary Role: The Maori are influential in New Zealand’s politics, arts, and education, preserving and promoting indigenous traditions globally.

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Treaty of Waitangi

• Signed in 1840 between Maori chiefs and the British Crown, forming the basis of New Zealand’s bicultural framework.
  • The Treaty established British governance in New Zealand while guaranteeing Maori rights over their lands, forests, and resources.
• Controversy: The treaty is written in English and Te Reo Maori , differing interpretations have led to disputes over the interpretation and implementation of treaty principles.
  • Institutions like the Waitangi Tribunal (established in 1975) address historical and contemporary treaty breaches.
• Maori grievances include land confiscation and breaches of treaty obligations by successive governments.
• Current Developments: The treaty remains central to debates on Maori self-determination, resource rights, and constitutional reforms.

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