IMF has reclassified India’s de facto exchange rate regime from a “stabilised arrangement” to a more flexible “crawl-like arrangement” amid a weakening rupee and reduced RBI intervention.

What is IMF’s De Facto Exchange Rate Classification?

• The IMF classifies countries based on actual (de facto) operational behaviour of exchange rate management, not merely official declarations.
• IMF ranks exchange rate arrangements on the basis of their degree of flexibility and the existence of formal or informal commitments to exchange rate paths.

• The system presents members’ exchange rate regimes and monetary policy frameworks to provide greater transparency in the classification scheme and to illustrate the relationship between exchange rate regimes and different monetary policy frameworks.

Types of Exchange Rate Regimes

• No Separate Legal Tender: A foreign currency becomes the sole legal tender, eliminating domestic monetary policy autonomy.
• Currency Board Arrangement: Domestic currency is issued only against foreign currency at a fixed rate, severely limiting monetary discretion.
• Conventional Fixed Peg: Currency is maintained within ±1% of a fixed parity through continuous intervention.
• Pegged Within Horizontal Bands: Exchange rate moves within wider bands (>±1%), giving limited policy flexibility.
• Crawling Peg: Currency is adjusted in small periodic steps based on inflation or preset rules.
• Crawling Bands: Central rate and bands are adjusted periodically, combining flexibility with managed limits.
• Managed Float (No Predetermined Path): Authorities intervene without preset targets to limit volatility.
• Independently Floating: Market forces determine the rate; intervention only prevents disorderly movements.

Rationale Behind India’s Reclassification

• Reduced frequency and scale of RBI’s interventions over the last six months.
• Rupee movement closely following a mild downward trend, consistent with crawling behaviour.
• Two-way movement improving, though flexibility remains limited.

What is a ‘Crawl-Like Arrangement’?

• A regime where the exchange rate stays within ±2% of a gradually moving trend for at least six months.
• Key Features
• • Mild, predictable currency depreciation (“crawl”).
  • Interventions only to prevent excessive volatility.
  • Maintains some flexibility but still a soft peg, not a full float.

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Implications of the Reclassification

• Signals greater exchange rate flexibility and reduced RBI rigidity.
• May improve investor perception of transparency in India’s Foreign Exchange (FX) policy.
• Highlights structural and FX restrictions, including LRS-related taxes flagged by the IMF.
• Places pressure on India to allow more market-driven movements.

Conclusion

IMF’s shift to “crawl-like arrangement” reflects India’s gradual move toward greater FX flexibility while still managing volatility; however, structural reforms and reduced restrictions are essential to strengthen long-term external resilience.

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