Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Chola traditions of village self-government were considerably weakened under the rulers of Vijayanagara. The growth of nayakship tended to curb village autonomy.

Statement 2 is correct: In the Vijayanagara Empire, the provincial governors enjoyed a large measure of autonomy. They held their own courts, appointed their own officers and maintain their own armies. They were also allowed to issue their own coins. The Governor had the right to impose new taxes and remit old ones. Each governor paid a fixed contribution of men and money to the Central Government.

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Babur was busy consolidating the Mughal rule in north India and hence could not pay any attention towards the south (Deccan). It was the beginning of the Mughal rule in India and the Afghans were challenging the authority of the Mughuls in northern India. It kept Babur and Humayun busy in the North.

Statement 2 is correct: Akbar was the first among the Mughal emperors who planned to conquer the Deccan after completing his conquest in the North. His primary objective in conquering the Deccan was extension of the empire. Besides, Akbar was not happy with the Portuguese who were becoming powerful on the sea-coast of India. He desired to break up their power which could be possible by conquering the Deccan. Hence, In 1591 A.D., Akbar sent his ambassadors to Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda and asked them to accept his sovereignty.

Statement 3 is correct: The state of Ahmadnagar was completely annexed to the Mughal empire under Shah Jahan, and Bijapur and Golconda were forced to accept the suzerainty of the Emperor, surrender part of their territories and some important forts and pay annual tribute and war indemnity due to the efforts of the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, Aurangzeb.

Ans: B 

Exp:

Option B is correct: Amara, bhandarvada and Manya were major land tenurial categories in the Vijayanagara Kingdom. These indicate the way in which the village income was distributed.

• Bhandarvada was a crown village comprising the smallest category. A part of its income was utilised to maintain the Vijaynagar forts.
• Income from the manya (tax-free) villages was used to maintain the Brahmans, temples, and maths.
• The largest category was of the amara villages given by the Vijaynagar rulers to the amaranayakas. Their holders did not possess proprietary rights in land but enjoyed privileges over its income only.

Ans: C

Exp:

Option C is correct:Akbar laid the foundation of a comprehensive land revenue system during his reign. Akbar’s system took inspiration from the system which Shershah Suri implemented during his short tenure. He standardised land measurement. The amount produced per Bigha and the state’s share in it was to be determined accurately. For this purpose, he divided the land into four different categories to make a comparative estimate of the produce from the land and fixed different revenues for each of them. These four categories were namely Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar.

• Polaj was the land which remained under cultivation almost every year.
• Parauti was the land which paid at full rate when it was cultivated.
• Chachar was the land which had been fallow for two to three years.
• Banjar was the land which had been fallow for more than three years.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: He made local village headmen and zamindars responsible for any loss that the merchant suffered on the roads. If the goods are stolen. Muqqadams and Zamindars had to produce them or point out the thieves or highway robbers, failing which they had to undergo the punishment meant for thieves and robbers.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Sher Shah insisted on the measurement of sown land. He fixed the dues of peasants crop-wise on the basis of the productivity of land. Fixing the revenue on the average yield of land assessed on the basis of the past 10 years was called the Dahsala system, which was introduced by Akbar and not Sher Shah Suri. 

Statement 3 is correct: He imposed cess to guard the peasants against famines and other natural calamities at the rate of two and a half seers per bigha.