Ans: A     

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Dayananda Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj, criticised the escapist Hindu belief of Maya (illusion) as the running theme of all physical existence and the aim of human life as a struggle to attain moksha (salvation) through escape from this evil world to seek union with God. Instead, he advocated that God, soul, and matter (prakriti) were distinct and eternal entities, and every individual had to work out his own salvation in light of the eternal principles governing human conduct and not through escape from this evil world.

Statement 2 is correct: Dev Samaj was founded in 1887 in Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri, an earlier Brahmo follower. The society emphasised the eternity of the soul, the supremacy of the guru, and the need for good action. It called for ideal social behaviour such as not accepting bribes, avoiding intoxicants and non-vegetarian food, and keeping oneself away from violent actions. 

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Ramakrishna Mission was founded in 1897 by Vivekananda. The Mission stood for religious and social reform, humanitarian relief, and social work. Unlike the Arya Samaj, the Mission recognises the utility and value of image worship in developing spiritual fervour and worship of the eternal omnipotent God, although it emphasises the essential spirit and not the symbols or rituals. 

Ans: B    

Exp:

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha was founded in 1851 by a group of Parsis for the regeneration of social conditions and the restoration of the Zoroastrian religion. The movement was started by Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama, and S.S. Bengalee. 

Pair 2 is correctly matched: Sir Syed established The Scientific Society in 1864, in Aligarh to translate Western works into Indian languages to prepare the Muslims to accept Western education and to inculcate a scientific temperament among the Muslims. The Aligarh Institute Gazette, a magazine published by Sir Syed, was an organ of the Scientific Society. 

Pair 3 is correctly matched: Tattvabodhini Sabha was founded by Debendranath Tagore, which focused on the systematic study of India’s past with a rational outlook and propagated the ideas of Raja Rammohan Roy. After some years, Tattvabodhini Sabha was incorporated into the Bahmo Samaj. 

Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar started the Deccan Education Society in 1884 in Pune. They embarked on a path that would lead to a new awakening and salvation through social transformation. 

Ans: D

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: During the late 1820s, there emerged a radical, intellectual trend among the youth in Bengal, which came to be known as the ‘Young Bengal Movement’ led by  Henry Vivian Derozio. Drawing inspiration from the great French Revolution, Derozio inspired his pupils to think freely and rationally, question all authority, love liberty, equality, and freedom, and oppose decadent customs and traditions. However this movement had its own limitations such as Derozians lacked any real link with the masses; for instance, they failed to take up the peasants’ cause. 

Statement 2  is incorrect: The Ahmadiyya Movement was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889. It was based on liberal principles. It described itself as the standard-bearer of the Mohammedan Renaissance, and based itself, like the Brahmo Samaj, on the principles of Universal religion for all humanity, opposing jihad (sacred war against non-Muslims). The movement spread Western liberal education among Indian Muslims. 

Statement 3  is incorrect: The Theosophical Movement was led by Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831- 1891) and Colonel M.S. Olcott, who were inspired by Indian thought and culture.  The society believed that a special relationship could be established between a person’s soul and God by contemplation, prayer, revelation, etc. It accepted Hindu beliefs in reincarnation and karma, and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads, Samkhya, yoga, and Vedanta schools of thought.     

Ans: D

Exp:

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Sati Abolition Act of 1829, also known as the Bengal Sati Regulation, was landmark legislation passed by the British East India Company that banned the practice of Sati, or the immolation of widows on their husbands funeral pyres.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, was intended to give the Central Government power to establish telegraph lines on private as well as public property. 

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: The relentless efforts of a Parsi reformer, B.M. Malabari  led to the passing of the Age of Consent Act, which was signed in 1891 during the Viceroyship of Lord Lansdowne. Marriage of girls under the age of twelve was prohibited by this Act. 

Pair 4 is correctly matched: The Ilbert Bill was introduced in 1883 by Viceroy Ripon. Ripon had proposed amendments in existing laws that allowed Indian judges and magistrates to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level.

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Self- Respect movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in the mid-1920s. Its main centre was in Tamil Nadu. The Kudi Arasu Journal was started by Periyar in 1910.

Statement 2 is correct: The movement aimed at nothing short of a rejection of the Brahmanical religion and culture, which Naicker felt were the prime instruments of exploitation of the lower castes. He sought to undermine the position of Brahmin priests by formalising weddings without Brahmin priests.

 Reference: Spectrum, Chapter 9, A General Survey of the Reform Movements and their Leaders.