Ans: A

Exp:

Pair 1 is correctly matched: The revenue system of Chhatrapati Shivaji was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmednagar. Lands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: Chhatrapati Shivaji reduced the powers of the existing Deshmukhs and Kulkarnis. He appointed his own revenue officials called Karkuns.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry –

1. Bargirs, equipped and paid by the state; and
2. Silahdars, maintained by the nobles.

In the infantry, the Mavli foot soldiers played an important role. Chhatrapati Shivaji also maintained a navy.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: No radical change happened during the Mughal period in agriculture technology in so far as the plough, iron ploughshare, irrigational devices, methods of sowing, harvesting, threshing and winnowing are concerned. However, for sowing, apart from broadcasting and seed-drill, we get evidence for dibbling also.

Statement 2 is incorrect: It was Akbar who was the first to initiate and utilize metal cylinder rockets against war elephants during the battle of Sambal. The art reached its zenith during the rule of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan of Mysore.

Statement 3 is correct: In the chemical sector, rose-scent and the use of saltpetre for water-cooling were entirely new discoveries. Abul Fazl comments that saltpetre, which in gunpowder produces the explosive heats, is used as a means for cooling water. He also gives the details of how to do so. This discovery has been attributed to Emperor Akbar.

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal Empire or Deccan sultanates. Chauth was comprised of 1/4 of the revenue assessment paid as a fee for non-molestation of the neighbours by the Maratha forces. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10% of revenue which Shivaji claimed on being the Sardeshmukh (overlord). Shivaji was highly successful in mobilising the resources using these two taxes. The revenue was assessed as per the Mughal revenue or the Deccan kingdom’s revenue.

Statement 2 is correct: Most of the administrative reforms of Chhatrapati Shivaji were based on the practices of the Deccan sultanates. For example, Peshwa was the Persian title.

Statement 3 is correct: The revenue system of Shivaji was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar. Lands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi. Lands were also classified into three categories – paddy fields, garden lands and hilly tracks. He reduced the powers of the existing deshmuks and kulkarnis. He appointed his own revenue officials called karkuns.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Personal Rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called Zat. While Sawar rank was the number of horses nobles have to maintain. The higher the Zat, the more prestigious the noble’s position in court and the larger his salary.

Statement 2 is correct: Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs which were somewhat like Iqtas. Sometimes the mansabdars were paid in cash. Akbar did not like the jagir system but could not do away with it.

Statement 3 is incorrect:In the Mansabdari system, holding a jagir did not confer any hereditary rights on the holder or disturb any of the existing rights in the area.

Statement 4 is incorrect: Unlike Muqtis, most Mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments which was collected for them by their servants.

Ans: B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Unlike the Cholas and some of the early Vijayanagara rulers, Krishna Deva has paid very little attention to the development of Navy.

Statement 2 is correct: In the Vijayanagara Empire, the tax rates varied according to the type of crops, soil, irrigation, etc. According to an inscription, the rates of taxes were as follows: 

• • One-third of the produce of rice during winter. 
  • One fourth of sesame, ragi, horsegram etc.  

• One-sixth of millet and other crops cultivated on dry land.