Ans: D

Exp:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Jainas migrated to the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu, the rest of them stayed back in Magadha under the leadership of Sthalabahu.  The emigrant Jainas spread Jainism in south India. Sthalabahu was an exponent of the Shvetambara sect, whereas Bhadrabahu was an exponent of the Digambara sect.
• Statement 2 is correct: One of the causes of the spread of Jainism in south India is said to have been the great famine that took place in Magadha nearly 200 years after Mahavira’s death.  The famine lasted for twelve years, and in order to protect themselves, many Jainas migrated to the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu.
• Reference: Chapter 10, Jainism and Buddhism, R.S.Sharma

Ans: B

Exp:

• Statement 1 is correct: Buddhism had an important impact on society by keeping its doors open to women and Shudras. However, Debtors, slaves, and criminals were not permitted to be members of the sangha. All barriers of class, race, sex, and previous background were ignored for admission to the Sangha.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Three Jewels, or the Threefold Refuge or Triratna, are the core components of Buddhist practise and belief. They are Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha. 
  • The Buddha- the fully enlightened one.
  • The Dhamma- the teachings expounded by the Buddha.
  • The Saṅgha- the monastic order of Buddhism that practises the Dharma.  The Sangha is considered essential for the preservation and propagation of Buddhist Teachings.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: The Vinaya Pitaka deals with the rules and discipline of the order/sangha. Whereas, The Sutra Pitaka deals with the discourses and sermons of Buddha, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka deals with the treatises that elaborate Buddhist doctrines.
• Reference: Chapter 10, Jainism and Buddhism, R.S.Sharma

Ans: B

Exp:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Jainism made the first serious attempt to mitigate the evils of the varna order and the ritualistic Vedic religion. The early Jainas discarded the Sanskrit language, principally patronised by the brahmanas. They adopted Prakrit, the language of the common people, to preach their doctrines.  The adoption of Prakrit by the Jainas helped the growth of this language and its literature.
• Statement 2 is correct: Jaina literature comprises epics, Puranas, novels, and drama. In early mediaeval times, the Jainas also made substantial use of Sanskrit and wrote many texts in it. They also contributed to the growth of Kannada, in which they wrote extensively.
• Reference: Chapter 10, Jainism and Buddhism, R.S.Sharma

Ans: C

Exp:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Pali texts mention sixteen Mahajanapadas. Most of these states were located in the upper and mid- Gangetic plains, including the Doab area covered by the Ganges, Yamuna, and their tributaries. 
• Statement 2 is correct: The increased usage of iron in eastern Uttar Pradesh  and western Bihar from the sixth century BC onwards established circumstances for the creation of vast territorial states, i.e., the Mahajanapadas. The new agricultural techniques and implements allowed peasants to produce more food grains than they needed. The rise of large states with towns as their bases of operations strengthened the territorial idea. People owed strong allegiance to the janapada, or the territory to which they belonged, rather than to their jana, or tribe.
• Reference: Chapter 15, Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire., R.S. Sharma, NCERT.

Ans: D

Exp:

• In the 6th century BC, ancient India had several kingdoms. This era saw socio-economic growth along with religious and political developments across the Indo-Gangetic plain. The Pali texts show that the janapadas grew into mahajanapadas, i.e. large states or countries. These texts mention sixteen of them.  They were namely Anga, Magadha, Kasi, Vatsa, Kosala, Saurasena, Panchala, Kuru, Matsya, Chedi, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja, Assaka, Vajji, and Malla.

(Fig : Mahajanpadas in India)

• Reference: Chapter 15, Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire., R.S. Sharma, NCERT.