Ans: D

Exp:

The Indian Constitution is often referred to as a “living document” due to several factors that allow it to adapt and remain relevant to changing times and societal needs. The concept of a living document means that the Constitution is not rigid or fixed; instead, it can be interpreted, amended, and applied in ways that accommodate the evolving dynamics of society. 

The following are factors that make the Indian Constitution a living document:

• Flexibility – In the actual working of the Constitution, there has been enough flexibility in interpretations. Both political practice and judicial rulings have shown maturity and flexibility in implementing the Constitution.
• Amendment Process: The Constitution can be amended to address emerging issues and challenges. Our Constitution accepts the necessity of modifications according to changing needs of society. This allows the Constitution to evolve in response to changing circumstances.
• Judicial Interpretation: The judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting the Constitution. The Constitution is made applicable in modern times by the court’s decisions, which offer new interpretations of constitutional provisions and modify them to fit current circumstances.
• Inclusivity: The Constitution acknowledges the diversity of India’s population and provides mechanisms for the representation and protection of various communities. This inclusivity allows the Constitution to remain relevant in a pluralistic society

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The provisions relating to Citizenship can be found in Part Two of the Indian Constitution and in subsequent laws passed by Parliament. Articles 5–11 (Part II) of the Constitution are related to Citizenship in India.

Statement 2 is correct: Citizenship is described as the full and equal membership of a Political community. It means that all citizens have equal Rights and enjoy all civil as well as Political Rights under the protection of the State in return for their loyalty to the State.

Statement 3 is correct: Citizenship involves certain rights as well as the obligations of citizens to each other and to society. These would include not just the legal obligations imposed by states but also a moral obligation to participate in and contribute to the shared life of the community.  The Rights (Fundamental Rights) and obligations (Fundamental Duties) for citizens are listed in the Indian Constitution as well.

Ans: A

Exp:

“Patriotism cannot be our final spiritual shelter; my refuge is humanity. I will not buy glass for the price of diamonds, and I will never allow patriotism to triumph over humanity as long as I live.”

 _ Rabindranath Tagore. 

Statement 1 is incorrect: Rabindranath was not a blind follower of patriotism. He was very critical of the narrow expressions of nationalism. Rather he was a worshipper of truth and valued the principles of Humanity.

Tagore made a distinction between opposing western imperialism and rejecting western civilisation. He thought that while Indians should be rooted in their own civilization and cultural heritage, they should not resist learning freely and profitably from the west. He was afraid that a rejection of the west in favour of Indian traditions was limiting in itself and It could also easily turn into hostility to other influences from abroad, including Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism and Islam. He was not a fierce critique of the western civilization and values. Instead he wanted to learn from the west. Thus, statement 2 is correct. And the statement 3 is not correct.

Ans: A

Exp: 

Ramabai Dongre (1858–1922)  championed the cause of women’s education. She never went to school but learnt to read and write from her parents. She was given the title ‘Pandita’ because she could read and write Sanskrit, a remarkable achievement as women then were not allowed such knowledge. She went on to set up a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898, where widows and poor women were encouraged not only to become literate but to be independent. They were taught a variety of skills from carpentry to running a printing press, skills that are not usually taught to girls even today.

Ans: C

Exp:

The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India, also known as the Constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992, is landmark legislation that brought significant changes to the Panchayati Raj system in India. Enacted in 1992, this amendment aimed to strengthen local self-governance in rural areas by providing constitutional status and autonomy to panchayats. The changes brought about by the 73rd Amendment in Panchayati Raj institutions are:

Three Tier Structure: All States now have a uniform three tier Panchayati Raj structure. At the base is the ‘Gram Panchayat‘. A Gram Panchayat covers a village or group of villages. The intermediary level is the Mandal (also referred to as a block or Taluka). The intermediary level body need not be constituted in smaller States. At its apex is the Zilla Panchayat, which covers the entire rural area of the District. The amendment also made a provision for the mandatory creation of the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha would comprise all the adult members registered as voters in the Panchayat area. Its role and functions are decided by the state legislature.