Ans : D

Exp:

Option a is correct: The most widely used classification of climate is the empirical climate classification scheme developed by V. Koeppen.It is an empirical classification based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation data. He introduced the use of capital and small letters to designate climatic groups and types. Although developed in 1918 and modified over a period of time, Koeppen’s scheme is still popular and in use.

Options b and c are correct: Koeppen recognised five major climatic groups, four of them are based on temperature and one on precipitation. . The capital letters : A,C, D and E delineate humid climates and B dry climates.The climatic groups are subdivided into types, designated by small letters, based on seasonality of precipitation and temperature characteristics. The seasons of dryness are indicated by the small letters : f, m, w and s, where f corresponds to no dry season,m – monsoon climate, w- winter dry season and s – summer dry season. The small letters a, b, c and d refer to the degree of severity of temperature. The B- Dry Climates are subdivided using the capital letters S for steppe or semi-arid and W for deserts.

Option d is incorrect: Mediterranean climate was represented by Cs.As the name suggests, Mediterranean climate occurs around Mediterranean sea, along the west coast of continents in subtropical latitudes between 30° – 40° latitudes e.g. — Central California, Central Chile, along the coast in south eastern and south western Australia. These areas come under the influence of sub tropical high in summer and westerly wind in winter. Hence, the climate is characterised by hot, dry summer and mild, rainy winter. Monthly average temperature in summer is around 25° C and in winter below 10°C. The annual precipitation ranges between 35 – 90 cm

Ans : B

Exp: 

Statement 1 is correct: An atmospheric river is a plume of moisture that helps carry saturated air from the tropics to higher latitudes, delivering unrelenting rain or snow. Think of it as a fire hose that aims at – then drenches – a particular region.Typically 250 to 375 miles wide, atmospheric rivers can stretch more than a thousand miles long.

Statement 2 is correct: Atmospheric rivers are an incredibly important source of rainfall, and they can also bring flash flooding, mudslides and landslides, sometimes killing people and destroying property. In the western US, they account for 30% to 50% of annual precipitation.Ten or more atmospheric rivers can be happening at once across the globe. A well-known and strong one is the Pineapple Express, with moisture transported from the tropical Pacific around Hawaii to the US and Canadian West Coasts.

Statement 3 is incorrect: As the world warms, the atmosphere can hold more moisture – which will lead to rainier atmospheric river events.So, an atmospheric river, which is defined as a region of water vapor, will likely become more intense. Their frequency may not be more common, but their intensity could become larger. As per a NASA led study, Atmospheric rivers will be “significantly longer and wider than the ones we observe today, leading to more frequent atmospheric river conditions in affected areas.

Ans: C

Exp:

Pair 1 is correct: The equatorial, hot, wet climate is found between 5° and 10° north and south of the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the lowlands of the Amazon, in the Congo. Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) and the East Indies Kuala Lumpur is situated close to the equator, and it experiences an equatorial climate. Within the tropics, the equatorial highlands have a distinctively cooler climate, modified by altitude, such as the Cameron Highlands in Malaysia, the Northern Andes, and the Kenyan Highlands in East Africa.

Pair 2 is correct: The tropical marine climate is experienced along the eastern coast of tropical lands, receiving steady rainfall from the trade winds all the time. This type of climate is found in Central America.

West Indies, north-eastern Australia, the Philippines, and parts of East Africa, Madagascar, the Guinea Coast, and eastern Brazil. Cairns, located in Queensland, Australia, falls under the tropical marine climate category.

Pair 3 is correct: The Savanna or Sudan climate is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests and the trade wind hot deserts. It is confined within the tropics and is best developed in Sudan, where the dry and wet seasons are most distinct, hence its name, the Sudan Climate. The belt includes West African Sudan and then curves southward into East Africa and southern Africa, north of the Tropic of Capricorn. In South America, there are two distinct regions of savanna north and south of the equator, namely the llanos of the Orinoco basin and the campos of the Brazilian Highlands. The Australian savanna is located south of the monsoon strip running from west to east north of the Tropic of Capricorn. Kano, being in northern Nigeria, experiences a savanna climate. 

Ans: A

Exp:

High temperatures and abundant rainfall in the equatorial regions support a luxuriant type of vegetation-the tropical rainforest. The equatorial vegetation comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood, e.g., mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet woods, and dyewoods. There

are smaller palm trees,climbing plants like the lianas or rattan, which may be hundreds of feet long and

epiphytic and parasitic plants that live on other plants.

Mahogany and ebony are both tropical hardwood trees that are found in equatorial rainforests. Acacia, teak, and cedar are not typically found in equatorial rainforests.

Mahogany:

Mahogany is a tall, broadleaf tree that is found in the equatorial region. It is prized for its rich, reddish-brown wood, which is used in furniture, cabinetry, and other high-end woodworking projects.

Ebony:

Ebony trees can be found in equatorial vegetation. These trees thrive in tropical rainforests, where the conditions are suitable for their growth.

Acacia:

Acacia trees are not typically found in equatorial rainforests. They are more commonly associated with savannas and arid regions.

Teak:

Teak trees are not native to equatorial rainforests. They are commonly found in tropical regions but are more associated with deciduous forests than rainforests.

Cedar:

Cedar trees are not typically found in equatorial rainforests. They are more commonly associated with temperate and boreal forests.

Ans: A

Exp:

There are two types of grasslands – Tropical and Temperate. Tropical grasslands are found in the tropics, around the equator. Temperate grasslands are found in the regions with temperate and semi-arid to semi-humid climates. The most important characteristic of the Temperate Grasslands is that they have almost no trees and large shrubs and have grasses as the dominant vegetation. Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall is moderate.

Pair 1 is correct:Pustaz are found in Hungary. Steppes of Europe are interrupted by highlands. Pustaz are the isolated sections of these steppes.

Pair 2 is incorrect:Velds are found in South Africa. They are sandwiched between Drakensberg and Kalahari Desert.They are characterized by grasses and scattered trees. They are divided into different types depending on the specific grasses and trees that dominate the area.

Pair 3 is correct:Pampas are found in South America and are characterised by tall grasses and scattered shrubs. They are found in parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil.

Pair 4 is incorrect:Prairies are the extensive grasslands found in North America. They lie in the foothills of the Rockies and great lakes.Other important temperate grasslands: Downs in Australia, Manchuria grasslands of Mongolia, Steppes in Europe and Canterbury grasslands of New Zealand.