Ans: C

Exp:

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a significant phase in the Indian independence struggle against British colonial rule. It was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on April 6, 1930, as a response to the British government’s refusal to grant full independence to India and its continued oppressive policies.

Option a is incorrect: limited Muslim participation was experienced in the Civil Disobedience Movement than  that in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Option b is incorrect: No major labour upsurge coincided with the Civil Disobedience Movement 

Option c is correct: The Civil Disobedience Movement, unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement, had the stated objective of achieving complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from British colonial rule.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The territorial jurisdiction of a high court is co-terminus with the territory of a state. This means that the high court’s jurisdiction and the geographical boundaries of the state are the same. In other words, the high court has legal authority over all legal matters that arise within that state and cannot extend its jurisdiction beyond the state’s borders. This principle is essential for maintaining the separation of powers and preserving the federal structure of India’s legal system.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Parliament can extend the jurisdiction of a high court to any union territory or exclude the jurisdiction of a high court from any union territory. This provision allows the Indian Parliament to adapt the legal framework to the specific needs and circumstances of union territories, which may vary significantly. It ensures that the jurisdiction of high courts in union territories can be modified as deemed appropriate by Parliament, in line with the principles of federalism and administrative efficiency in India’s legal system.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Constitution does not specify the strength of a high court and leaves it to the discretion of the president. Accordingly, the President determines the strength of a high court from time to time, depending upon its workload. The President’s authority to determine the strength of a high court ensures that judges can effectively manage their caseloads and provide timely and well-considered judgements.

Ans:  B

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The President can transfer a judge from one high court to another after consulting the Chief Justice of India. On transfer, he is entitled to receive, in addition to his salary, such compensatory allowance as may be determined by Parliament.

Statement 2 is correct: The procedure for the impeachment of a judge of a high court is the same as that for a judge of the Supreme Court. The key distinction between the two is the level of the judiciary to which the judge belongs, but the process itself is identical. The impeachment of judges is a rare and serious procedure, and it is designed to ensure the independence of the judiciary while providing a mechanism to address serious misconduct or incapacity.

Statement 3 is incorrect: A judge of a high court can be removed from his office by an order of the President. The President can issue the removal order only after an address by Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal. The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament 

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The salaries and allowances of the judges, the salaries, allowances, and pensions of the staff as well as the administrative expenses of a high court, are charged on the consolidated fund of the state. However, the pension of a high court judge is charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and not the state.

Statement 2 is correct: The writ jurisdiction of the high court (under Article 226) is not exclusive but concurrent with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (under Article 32). The writ jurisdiction of the high court is wider than that of the Supreme Court. The high court can issue writs to any person, authority or government not only within its territorial jurisdiction but also outside its territorial jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within its territorial jurisdiction

Ans: C

Exp:

The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises 19 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom and United States) and two regional bodies: the European Union and the African Union (as of 2023). 

The G20 Summit is held annually, under the leadership of a rotating Presidency. The Group does not have a permanent secretariat. The Presidency is supported by the Troika.

 The term “Troika” in the context of the G20 refers to a leadership structure involving three countries: the current G20 chair, the host country of the next G20 summit, and the previous G20 host country.  During India’s Presidency, the troika will comprise Indonesia, India and Brazil, respectively.