Ans: A

Exp:

The majority of Harappan sites are found in semi-arid regions, where irrigation was probably necessary for farming. Canal remnants have been discovered at the Afghani Harappan site of Shortughai, but not in Punjab or Sind. It may be the case that long ago, canals began to silt up. It is also possible that well water was used for irrigation. In addition, it’s possible that the water reservoirs discovered in Dholavira, Gujarat, were used to store water for farming.

• One of the architectural wonders was the irrigation system from Harappa. They would only utilise canals or waterways during the flood season, as opposed to using them all year round.
• To provide running water to households, their towns utilised sophisticated irrigation systems. A citywide sewer system was also present to aid in the intricate indoor plumbing of the facilities.
• Their system of irrigation would only regulate the water from protracted periods of heavy rain, which led to floods all year long.
• It is pretty astonishing that such a long-ago society has managed to regulate such catastrophic natural calamities.
• Additionally, it is known that members of the Indus civilization engaged in the great technology of rainwater harvesting, which was developed by the classical Indian civilization but virtually lost in the twentieth century.

Ans: D

Exp:

In lost wax technique molten metal is poured into a mould that has been made using a wax model, commonly known as the cire-perdue method of metal casting. 

In the Indus valley civilisation, castings were frequently made of pure copper, but bronze (an alloy of copper and other metals), which is stronger and more tensile, quickly replaced copper as the preferred. One of the first known Indian sculptures produced utilising the lost wax process is the famous “Dancing Girl” bronze sculpture, which was produced at Mohenjo-daro in 2500 BCE.

Ans: A

Exp:

Social Practices

• There was hierarchy in urban habitations.
• Merchants and priests were important class of this period
• Harappans were fashion conscious. Evidence of different hairstyles and wearing a beard were popular. The use of cosmetics was common (Cinnabar, lipstick and collyrium). Necklaces, fillets, armlets and finger rings were worn by both men and women but bangles, girdles, anklets, ear-rings were worn by women only. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Religious Practices

• Seal-Male deity Pashupati Mahadeva (proto-siva)-three-horned heads, and is represented in the sitting posture of a yogi, with one leg placed above the other surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and below his throne there is a buffalo, and at his feet two deer.
• Prevalence of the Phallus (lingam) and Yoni worship. The Rig Veda speaks of non-Aryan people who were phallus worshippers.
• Chief female deity of harappans was mother Goddess. They also worshipped fire. Hence, statement 2 is correct 
• The people of the Indus region worshiped nature like trees (ex: pipal) and animals (unicorn, humped bull etc). Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Harappans believed in ghosts and evil forces and, therefore, they used amulets against them.

Ans: C

Exp:

During the Harappan civilisation, Shamans were men and women who claimed to possess healing and magical powers, as well as a capacity to communicate with the other world. Additionally, the spiritual traditions of indigenous people all over the world are referred to as “shamanism”. A “shaman” serves as a bridge between the physical world and the realm of spirits and gods in this religious activity

Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: The early Vedic Aryans were pastoralists. Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They reared cattle, sheep, goats, and horses for purposes of milk, meat and hides.

Statement 2 is correct: The products of these activities were exchanged through barter. However, cows were the most favoured medium of exchange. The priests received cows, horses and gold ornaments as fees for performing sacrifices.