Ans: C

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: MGNREGA was enacted in 2005 as a social welfare program by the Ministry of Rural Development with an objective to guarantee 100 days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work. The act, by providing a legal right to work, seeks to improve the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily semi or unskilled work, to people living below the poverty line in rural India. It also attempts to bridge the gap between the rich and poor in the country.

Statement 2 is correct: There is an emphasis on strengthening the process of decentralization by giving a significant role to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in planning and implementing these works.

• • The act mandates Gram Sabhas to recommend the works that are to be undertaken, and at least 50% of the works must be executed by them.

• Panchayati Raj Institutions are primarily responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of the works that are undertaken.

Ans: A

Exp:

The following schemes have been launched to foster inclusive growth in India:

Operation Save Kurma: The operation was conducted to combat the proliferating illegal trade of live turtles and their parts from the country to destinations abroad. Hence, option 3 is incorrect.

Ans : D

Exp:

India Stack is a collective name for a set of open AIs and digital goods that will allow governments, businesses and other organizations to provide social benefits. The following APIs are considered to be a core part of the India Stack :

• Aadhaar Authentication
• Aadhaar e-KYC
• eSign
• Digital Locker
• Unified Payment Interface (UPI)

It is developed in the context that different organizations own and maintain various data. The Unique ID Authority of India is the owner of the Aadhaar products e-auth and e-KYC. The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology is responsible for maintaining the eSign technology specification. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology is the owner of Digilocker. The National Payments Corporation of India is the owner of UPI. The Account Aggregator framework is controlled by ReBIT and subject to RBI’s technical requirements. India Stack aims to combine all these Data for the social benefit of the people.

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: Measures of absolute poverty are usually based upon the idea of subsistence. In other words, people are in poverty if they do not have the resources to maintain human life. It refers to a condition where a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time. It may be calculated in monetary terms, nutrition attainment or calories terms.

• For example: Homeless people living on the streets and families that cannot afford to buy food to feed themselves and their children are also examples of absolute poverty.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by the government (and enjoyed by the bulk of the population). It varies from country to country, which is said to be increasing as per the Oxfam reports.

• For example: For example, in the UK, relative poverty is defined as income 50% less than average income or someone living in a rich society may have a steady income and all the necessities for living, but because they do not have as many luxuries as others living in the society, they are said to be in relative poverty

Ans: A

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI) was developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme. It measures acute multidimensional poverty across more than 100 developing countries.

Statement 2 is incorrect: MPI is composed of ten indicators spread across: Each education and health indicator that has a 1/6 weight, each standard of living indicator having 1/18 weight. Per capita income is not considered under the assessment of MPI

                                                                                                                                                    (Image source: OPHI)

Statement 3 is correct: The latest update of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In the report the findings about India has seen a significant decline in the multi-dimensional poverty Index in the last decade. Further,  it includes: 

• Reduction in absolute numbers 2005­-06, about 645 million people were in multidimensional poverty in India, with this number declining to about 370 million in 2015-­16 and 230 million in 2019­-21. 
• Comprehensive reduction in all indicators declined in India.
• The poorest States and groups, including children and people in disadvantaged caste groups, had the fastest absolute progress.