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Mar 10 2023

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Different Faces Of The Indian Women’s Movement

March 10, 2023

Context: 

The Indian women’s movement has shifted focus over time, from a beacon for nationalism to a rights-based civil society movement to a state-led push for economic empowerment.

Background of Women’s Movement:

  • All India Women’s Conference(1936): It was the hallmark of a nationalist movement that relied on women to serve as its face. 
    • The political history of the Indian women’s movement is written in photographs, women  satyagrahis being arrested during the salt satyagraha and the Quit India movement.
    • Mrinal Gore and her women protesters carrying rolling pins and protesting against the price rise.
  • Women Activism:
    • The Quiet Revolution(1970s): It enhanced attention to women’s specific needs as street protests. 
    • For example: Self Employed Women’s Association began to unionize women in the informal sector. 
      • It leads to the advocacy for reforms in legal and social protection for women workers; 
      • It highlighted sex-selective abortion  
      • Discrimination in inheritance patterns led to legal reforms
    • Chipko, one of the earliest ecofeminist movements in the world, women clinging to trees to protest logging.
    • Nirbhaya 
    • Sabarimala

Current Scenario:

  • Women constitute almost half of the world’s population. 
  • Globally, they constitute 49.6 percent of the total population as against  50.6 percent of men. 
  • As per census 2011, India’s population constituted 48.5 percent of women and 51.5 percent of men. 
    • In a country with deplorable levels of women in the workforce, getting involved in electoral politics is a far-fetched dream for most women. 
    • In the recent polls, women made up 8 percent of all candidates in Assam and 11 percent in the other four states. 
    • Roughly, one in every 10 individuals who contested the election was a woman.

ECI on women’s representation in Politics:

  • As per the report of the Election Commission of India, women represent 10.5 percent of the total members of the Parliament. 
  • The plight of women in the state assemblies is even worse, where they nearly account for 9 percent of the leaders. 
  • Women’s representation in the Lok Sabha has not even grown by 10 percent since independence.
  • Women workers abound in India’s main political parties, but they are often marginalized and refused a party ticket to run in elections. 
  • Global Gender Gap Report 2020: India ranks 112th in educational attainment out of 153 countries, which reveals a stark involvement of education as a factor that determines women’s participation in politics. 
    • Women’s social mobility is influenced by their education. 

What hinders the inclusion of women in politics?

  • There are several factors responsible for the poor representation of women in Indian politics such as:
    • Gender stereotypes
    • Lack of political network
    • Financial Strains
    • Unavailability of resources
    • Lack of political education amongst women in the country

What measures are required?

  • Gender Equality
  • Affirmative action
  • Women Empowerment
  • Enforcing Property Rights
  • Social Awareness Campaigns

Women’s Empowerment:

  • Based on the assumptions that women differ from men in their social positions and that those differences consist of asymmetric, unequal power relations between the genders, women’s empowerment refers to the process of increasing access to the opportunities that allow them fully to realize their capacities. 

Special Initiatives for Women:

  • National Commission for Women
  • Reservation for Women in Local Self Government
  • National Plan of Action for Girl Child (1991-2000)
  • National Policy for Empowerment of Women 2001

News Source: The Hindu

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Stopping the Boats: On the U.K.’s new ‘Illegal Migration Law’

March 10, 2023

Context:

The UN refugee agency, the UNHCR, has come down strongly on the U.K. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak’s plan to pass a new “Illegal Migration Law” that effectively stops the granting of asylum to migrants who reach the U.K. illegally. 

Stop the Boats:

  • The government is worried about the numbers of those attempting to travel to the U.K. and applying for asylum while on British soil, at considerable cost to the exchequer. 
  • Illegal migrants also face a lifetime ban on citizenship and re-entry to the U.K. 
  • According to the UNHCR, the law would contravene international laws, including the 1951 Refugee Convention that Britain is a signatory to. 
  • Many of the estimated 45,000 who came to the U.K. on “small boats” last year would have been economic refugees rather than political asylum seekers, and it is problematic that the British government does not make a distinction between the two. 
  • The Bill makes exceptions for those arriving directly from the countries they are fleeing, but those would be a small proportion given the short distances “small boats” could travel. 
  • The plan to transport asylum seekers to a third country, apart from sounding neo-colonial, will also come at considerable cost, one that the hapless migrants are unlikely to be able to afford.
  • While western countries have long quoted international law and convention to India on its plan to forcibly deport Rohingya refugees to Myanmar, or to discriminate on the basis of religion in the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, they must also introspect on their message to the world by enacting such laws themselves.

Way Forward:

  • By rejecting asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, nearly all of whom are coming to their shores by braving unsafe routes in search of a better life, they also belittle the real contributions immigrants have made to their societies.

                                                                                                                                    News Source: The Hindu 

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The ideal track to run India’s Logistics System

March 10, 2023

Context:

The Union Budget 2023 has doubled the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan and has announced an outlay of ₹2.4 lakh crore for the Indian Railways. 

About Plan:

  • The plan is a “transformative approach for economic growth and sustainable development dependent on the engines of roads, railways, airports, ports, mass transport, waterways and logistics infrastructure”. 
  • The Railways offer an efficient and economic mode of logistics movement given their pan-India network and can play an important role in enabling a coordinated and integrated logistics system.
  • With a target of increasing the share of the railways in freight movement from 27% to 45% and increasing freight movement from 1.2 billion tonnes to 3.3 billion tonnes, by 2030, PM Gati Shakti provides the right platform to address the infrastructural challenges that have hampered the movement of freight by rail.

Convenience over cost:

  • Currently 65% of freight movement is done by road, which results in increased burden on roads, and therefore, significant congestion, increased pollution and resultant logistics cost escalations. 
  • The increased adoption of the railways as a mode for cargo movement is crucial to improve India’s logistics competitiveness. 
  • Freight movement cost is the highest in the road sector, nearly twice the rail cost. 
  • However, the convenience of road transport has taken precedence over cost and the railways in India have been losing freight share to other more flexible modes.

Rise in container traffic:

  • The convenience of moving non-bulk commodities in containers has led to an increase in containerised traffic over the last decade, growing more than double TEUs in 2020 from 2008. TEU is a unit of cargo capacity. 
  • Globally, railway systems are heavily investing in advanced rail infrastructure for quick and low-cost container movement. 
  • For example, China uses special trains to carry containers that connect significant ports to the inland and has dedicated rail lines to move container traffic and planned double-decker container carriages for greater efficiency. 
  • The national transporter faces several infrastructural, operational and connectivity challenges, in turn leading to a shift of freight traffic to roads.
  • The absence of integrated first and last-mile connectivity by rail increases the chances of damage due to multiple handling and also increases the inventory holding cost.

A Special entity needed:

  • The upcoming Dedicated Freight Corridors along multimodal logistics parks will ease the oversaturated line capacity constraints and improve the timing of trains. 
  • The Indian Railways need to improve infrastructure that is backed by adequate policy tools and also encourage private participation to efficiently utilize resources.
  • Establishing a special entity which could function as a single window for customers for cargo movement and payment transactions to handle intermodal logistics in partnership with the private sector will help in addressing the first and last-mile issue faced by the railways. 
  • Based on industry recommendations, introduction of an Uber-like model for one of the two cargo wagons, wherein the customer can book the wagon using an online application, could help in increasing the utilization rate of these wagons. 
  • An integrated logistics infrastructure with first and last-mile connectivity is essential to make rail movement competitive with roads, and facilitate exports by rail to neighboring countries such as Nepal and Bangladesh.

Conclusion:

  • While the Indian Railways are upgrading their infrastructure (PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan), a continuous monitoring of existing projects along with identification of new priority areas will help in achieving the targets of rail freight movement.                                                                                                                                       

News Source: The Hindu

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