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Sep 27 2023

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IPCC Report Reveals Link Between Climate Change and Disease Risks | PWOnlyIAS 2023

September 27, 2023

Context:

Relevancy for Prelims: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Disease X, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) and One Health Approach.

Relevancy for Mains: Climate change and new infections and disease scenarios, India’s taken initiatives in this direction and need for a One Health approach.

How Does Climate Change Drive the Spread of Infectious Disease?

  • Habitat Loss: It forces disease-carrying animals to encroach upon human territory, increasing the risk of human-animal interaction and the transfer of pathogens from wildlife to humans.
  • Frequency: Over half of all-known infectious diseases threatening humans worsen with changing climate patterns.
  • Transmission of Diseases:
    • Routes: It includes environmental sources, medical tourism, and contaminated food and water.
    • Factors: Variability in temperature, precipitation, and humidity disrupt disease transmission cycles. Heat has been proven to interfere with the genomic structure of pathogens, changing their infectivity and virulence.
  • Interconnection between Ecosystem & Climate Change: While ecosystems shape local climates, climate change is transforming ecosystems.
    • This dynamic introduces invasive species and extends the range of existing life forms.
  • ‘Disease X’ and Beyond: It is the familiar annual cycles of known agents such as influenza, measles, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, diarrhea among others that will continue to test the public health system.

Disease

Also read: IPCC seventh assessment cycle

What Are the Key Challenges in Effectively Combating the Spread of Infectious Disease?

  • Not adequate Real-time Tracking: The programme, which would have enabled real-time tracking of emerging disease outbreaks, has not delivered on expectations.
  • Lacking on Surveillance: The current design of surveillance is not adequate for the emerging disease scenario.
  • Multi-pronged Impacts: Climate change is not just limited to infectious diseases but also exacerbates injuries and deaths from extreme weather events, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and mental health issues.
    • For example: The re-emergence of Nipah in Kerala is a wake-up call, that mere biomedical response to diseases is inadequate.

What Steps Has India Taken to Monitor Disease Outbreaks?

  • Experiencing Impacts: India has already faced adverse impacts, with early summers and erratic monsoons causing water scarcity across the Gangetic plains and Kerala.
  • Observed Manifestation: These climatic shifts are manifesting in severe health crises, including a dengue epidemic in Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Kolkata and the Nipah outbreak in Kerala.
  • India’s taken steps in the Desired Direction: Over the past two decades, India has improved its reporting of outbreaks.
    • The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) was rolled out in a few States in 2007.
    • A new, web-enabled, near-real-time electronic information system called Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) was launched in seven States in 2018 to present disaggregated data to its users.

One Health: India’s Path to Infectious Disease Control Synergy

  • So far, the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister has been taking this lead but with new World Bank and other large funding in place, this will need greater coordination and management.
    • Synergy: India must launch One Health and infectious disease control programmes by building greater synergies between the Centre and States and their varied specialized agencies.
    • Robust Surveillance Systems: Animal husbandry, forest and wildlife, municipal corporations, and public health departments need to converge and set up robust surveillance systems.
    • Responsible Coordination: Above mentioned institutions need to build trust and confidence, share data, and devise logical lines of responsibility and work with a coordinating agency.

How Can India Mitigate Climate Change-Induced Diseases in a Timely Manner?

  • Need Adequate Strategies: Changed disease scenarios require a revision of strategies to detect and deal with them.
  • Time to Mitigate: Mitigating the spread of climate change-induced diseases requires safeguarding ecosystems, curbing greenhouse gas emissions, and implementing active pathogen surveillance.
  • Need of a Unified Approach: A unified approach, termed One Health which integrates monitoring human, animal, plant, and environmental health is the must of the hour.
    • This approach is pivotal in preventing outbreaks, especially those that originate from animals.
    • It encompasses zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases, vector-borne diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental contamination.

Conclusion

Protecting ecosystems, fostering collaboration, and embracing the One Health paradigm could be the best defenses in the face of a changing climate and the growing threat of infectious diseases. There is a need to take concerted efforts, not just to adapt but also to proactively safeguard our planet and its inhabitants.

 

Attempt the PY Prelims Question:

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

 

Attempt the Mains Question: “Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?” (GS Paper 3: UPSC Mains 2017)

 

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Parliament Panel Insights into New Education Policy 2023 | PWOnlyIAS 2023

GS Paper II

September 27, 2023

Context:

Relevancy for Prelims: New Education Policy 2023, PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI), e-VIDHYA, NIPUN Bharat and MEME.

Relevancy for Mains: New Education Policy 2023, its significance & issues, Findings of Parliament Standing Committee on New Education Report on NEP-2020, Associated government initiatives like PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI), e-VIDHYA, NIPUN Bharat and MEME.

What Is the Progress in Implementing the New Education Policy 2023 in Higher Education?

  • Implementation: The report assesses the salient features of the New education policy 2023 implementation in the higher education sector and the progress made so far.
  • Number of Universities: The Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education has informed that there are a total of 1043 Universities in the country at present.
    • Out of which 70% are governed under the State Acts, 18% are governed by the Central Government.
  • Enrolment: It has further been informed that 94% of students are enrolled in State/private Institutions while 6% are enrolled in Central Institutions.
  • Progress on Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER): There has been a gradual increase for all students and it has risen from 24.1% in 2016-17 to 27.3% in 2020-21. The GER for ST and SC students has also risen from 2016-17 to 2020-21.
    • GER: It is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in higher education out of the total population in the relevant age group of 18-23 years.

What is the Current Implementation Status of the New Education Policy 2023?

  • Fruitful Progress: Through various appreciable measures like PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI), e-VIDHYA, NIPUN Bharat etc. the implementation of the New education policy 2023 is progressing on course with its vision to transform the higher education system to be more inclusive, flexible, and aligned with global standards.
  • Best Practices– Jammu and Kashmir (J&K): The UT of J&K is one of the first in the country to implement NEP 2020 from the academic session 2022 in all the Higher Education Institutions.
  • Focus on Creativity: New education policy 2023 places thrust on developing a student’s ‘Creative Potential’ based on higher-order cognitive capacities and cultivating innovation and creativity in learners through industry-institution linkages and collaborative programs.
  • Internationalization of Education: Freedom being given to Indian universities to set up campuses in other countries and initiate start-up incubation centers and from among the top 100 universities in the world will be facilitated to operate in India.
  • Implementation of the Multi Entry and Multiple Exit (MEME) options within the framework of the National Education Policy (NEP) is a vital component of New education policy 2023, offering students greater flexibility and choice in their educational pathways.

Also read: Government Schemes 2023

What are the Issues Associated With New Education Policy 2023?

  • Accessibility: Limited access to higher education in socio-economically disadvantaged areas due to financial barriers, geographical constraints and stereotype threat faced by students of marginalized sections etc.
  • Multiple Entry And Multiple Exit (MEME): According to the report, Indian institutions are likely to face several issues in implementing the MEME system under the new education policy 2023.
  • Linguistic Issue: Most of the HEIs primarily use English as a medium of instruction and there is a  lack of HEIs that teach in local languages.
  • Lack of Funding:  Public investment in the Education sector needs to reach 6% of GDP at the earliest.
    •  According to the Economic Survey 2022-23, total education outlay added up to 2.9% of the GDP.

Also read: India’s GDP Growth Rate: India GDP Growth Rate, Trends and Analysis

What are the Way forwards for implementing the New Education Policy 2023?

  • Fulfillment of Goals: By 2030, every district in the country should have at least one multidisciplinary HEI and that the GER in higher education, including vocational education, should be increased to 50% by 2035.
  • Research and Innovation: There is steady progress in the field of higher education and specific impetus is required in new education policy 2023 to be assigned to factors like anusandhan (research), that can help the country’s ranking in patent filing.
  • Effective Funding: Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) needs to diversify its funding sources beyond government allocations and explore partnerships with private sector organizations, philanthropic foundations, and international financial institutions.
  • Digitisation of Education:  The creation of a National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) can go a long way in expansion of digital infrastructure to make the country a Global Knowledge Hub.
  • Inclusive Education: Implementation of certain specific initiatives aimed at enhancing access to education for marginalised communities in accordance with the New Education Policy 2023 through various initiatives like comprehensive awareness campaigns, infrastructure development, teacher training and recruitment, scholarship and financial support, digital inclusivity, etc.
  • Ensuring Smooth Operation of MSME: Develop comprehensive guidelines including specific eligibility criteria, credit transfer mechanisms, and providing a clear roadmap for students pursuing different exit points.
    • Implementation of a standardized Credit Accumulation and Transfer (CAT) system allows students to earn and transfer credits seamlessly across institutions.

Conclusion

Parliament panel’s findings on the New Education Policy 2023 highlight both progress and challenges. While there’s commendable progress in implementing the policy with initiatives like PM Schools and internationalization. However the issues such as limited accessibility, linguistic barriers, and funding gaps need urgent attention. To achieve the envisioned transformation of Indian higher education, we need a holistic approach that addresses these concerns and fosters research, innovation, and ensure smooth educational pathways for all students.

 

Attempt the PY Prelims Question:

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (2012)

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy
  2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies
  3. Fifth Schedule
  4. Sixth Schedule
  5. Seventh Schedule

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans- (d)

Attempt the Mains Question: Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (GS Paper 2; UPSC Mains 2021)

 

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 Final Result – CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2023.   Udaan-Prelims Wallah ( Static ) booklets 2024 released both in english and hindi : Download from Here!     Download UPSC Mains 2023 Question Papers PDF  Free Initiative links -1) Download Prahaar 3.0 for Mains Current Affairs PDF both in English and Hindi 2) Daily Main Answer Writing  , 3) Daily Current Affairs , Editorial Analysis and quiz ,  4) PDF Downloads  UPSC Prelims 2023 Trend Analysis cut-off and answer key
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UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
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Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
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Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
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