Synthetic biology, a cutting-edge field that combines genetic engineering and biocomputing, is poised to revolutionise various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and industry.
Basics
Synthetic biology leverages advances in genetic engineering and biocomputing to develop new biological systems designed to perform specific functions. Essentially, synthetic biology involves rewriting or editing nature’s genetic codes to modify existing organisms or create new ones.
Examples
- Glowing Bacteria: Scientists have inserted jellyfish genes into bacteria, resulting in glowing bacteria that can be used for detecting pollution.
- Artificial Insulin: Modified bacteria can produce human insulin, offering a cost-effective and life-saving alternative.
- SynBiofuel: Algae has been engineered to produce biofuels, reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
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Applications in Different Fields
According to Boston Consulting Group, by the end of this decade, synthetic biology is expected to contribute over a third of global output, representing nearly $30 trillion in value.
- Fashion Industry: Synthetic biology is enabling various innovations in the fashion industry.
- Fashion brands like Hermès have started using mycelium (the root structures of mushrooms) to create pliable new substances as alternatives to traditional leather, addressing ethical concerns associated with leather production.
- Additionally, genetically engineered yeast is being used to produce modified forms of collagen, which can be designed into fabrics with specific properties such as improved strength, stretchability, and durability, tailored for various requirements like tear resistance or thickness.
- Food and Agriculture: Synthetic biology holds the promise of producing artificial meat at scale, significantly reducing the environmental impact of traditional animal husbandry. Additionally, microbial engineering can lead to the direct conversion of nitrogen from the air, reducing the reliance on artificial fertilisers by introducing these microbes into the soil.
- Mining Industry: Synthetic biology offers more environmentally friendly methods for extracting valuable metals like copper, uranium, and gold from ore. Traditionally, toxic metals and chemicals were used for extraction, causing environmental harm. Genetically engineered microorganisms can be deployed to bio-leach ore, minimising the use of harmful chemicals like cyanide and reducing toxic waste. This innovation also has the potential to lower operating costs and improve yields in the mining sector.
Data Dependency
- Despite these advancements, the continued growth of synthetic biology depends heavily on the availability of data.
- Researchers require access to information on protein structures, their interactions, and computational models of biological pathways and genetic regulation.
- Much of this critical data resides in the genetic resources of 17 ‘megadiverse’ countries, which are known for their exceptional biodiversity, including India.
- India’s rich biodiversity provides essential resources for developing new biological systems and pathways.
How Can the Data Be Used?
- Historically, mega-diverse countries have experienced exploitation of their genetic resources by foreign powers, who extracted valuable genetic data for their own gain.
- But now these nations are much aware and view their genetic resources as national assets that must be protected and utilised for their own benefit.
- This shift has given rise to the concept of genetic sovereignty, asserting that local populations should have control over the commercial and scientific use of their unique genetic profiles.
- However, a significant challenge remains, most cutting-edge research in synthetic biology is conducted in developed countries, while the rich genetic data is primarily found in mega-diverse nations.
- To address these concerns, it is crucial to establish a balance that ensures equitable benefits. This involves developing frameworks that allow both advanced and developing countries to gain from synthetic biology innovations. Progress should be made in a way that benefits all parties, promoting fairness and unlocking the full potential of synthetic biology for global advancement.
Challenges and Solutions
While developed countries currently dominate cutting-edge research, there is a risk that wealthier nations and corporations will benefit most from advancements in synthetic biology, leaving vulnerable populations disproportionately affected. To address these concerns and ensure equitable benefits, the following measures should be considered:
- Clear Communication: Establish clear communication regarding the scope and outcomes of synthetic biology activities to keep the public informed of both positive and negative impacts.
- Accountability: Ensure that organisations involved in research and development (R&D) are accountable for the societal and environmental outcomes of their activities.
- Global Involvement: Involve all countries in R&D and ensure broad stakeholder engagement to incorporate diverse viewpoints and contexts.
- Legal Frameworks: Utilise legal frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol to ensure that benefits arising from non-human genetic resources are shared equitably.
- For example, if India has a unique plant which other countries want to use in making medicine, they must share benefits derived from its use according to these agreements.
- Value Traditional Knowledge: Adopt measures that appropriately value genetic heritage and traditional knowledge for future use.
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Conclusion
Synthetic biology holds immense potential for various industries and could significantly impact global economic and environmental landscapes. However, to fully unlock its benefits, there must be a balanced approach that respects genetic sovereignty, promotes equitable access, and ensures that all stakeholders benefit from advancements in this field. As a mega-diverse country, India should also invest in synthetic biology R&D to leverage its rich biodiversity for global and national benefit.
August 28, 2024
