Africa is challenging China’s two-decade dominance in its mining sector, asserting economic sovereignty and demanding fairer, more transparent partnerships instead of remaining passive resource suppliers.

China’s Entrenched Model of Dominance

• Resource-for-Infrastructure Model Of China: China strengthened its presence in Africa’s mining industry by exchanging infrastructure development for access to mineral resources such as copper and cobalt.
• Appeal to African Nations: Many African countries, in need of roads, bridges, and hospitals but lacking funds, found the model attractive.
• Contrast with Western Aid: Unlike Western aid, which often had human rights or democracy conditions, China’s assistance was unconditional and focused on business deals.
• Strategic Outcome for China: This approach enabled China to gain significant control over Africa’s mining sector and secure long-term access to key minerals.

Shift in Africa’s Approach

• Push for Value Addition: African leaders are prioritising “local beneficiation” — processing raw materials locally to create higher-value products (e.g., turning tomatoes into ketchup). 
  • The goal is to retain more profits and drive genuine economic transformation.
• Diversifying Global Partnerships: African nations are engaging with new partners, including the USA and Europe. 
  • This diversification strengthens their bargaining power in global trade.
• Strategic Role in the Green Economy: African countries are aiming to shift from raw material exporters to integral partners in global supply chains, especially in green and sustainable industries.
• Declining Chinese Monopoly: While China remains a key partner, its unchallenged dominance is waning.

Reasons for African Resistance and Shift in Approach

African countries are no longer accepting the old model of raw resource extraction. Several critical issues have fuelled this growing assertiveness:

• Broken Promises: China consistently failed to deliver on its commitments. 
  • The infrastructure developed was often of poor quality. 
  • The promises of skills transfer and local job creation did not materialise, leaving local populations without the promised benefits.
• Unfair and Opaque Deals: Many agreements signed with Chinese firms were non-transparent and heavily favoured China, often leaving African nations with little benefit beyond environmental degradation. 

Specific Instances of Resistance By African Nations

• African nations are now taking concrete steps to renegotiate terms, enforce standards, and demand greater control over their resources:
• Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): The DRC alone produces 80% of the world’s cobalt, a mineral indispensable for rechargeable batteries. 
  • China controls around 80% of that output through long-standing agreements such as the Sino Congolaise des Mines (Sicomines) deal, which granted Chinese firms mining rights in exchange for infrastructure projects. 
  • However, the benefits to the Congolese people were disproportionately low compared to the immense mineral wealth extracted. 
  • A civil society coalition, “Congo is Not for Sale,” revealed that tax exemptions for Chinese companies cost the DRC approximately $132 million in 2024 alone, sparking public outrage.
  • The Congolese government has been compelled to renegotiate existing contracts with China, planning to increase its stake in a joint venture with Chinese firms from 32% to a substantial 70%. 
  • Furthermore, Congo’s state-owned miner, Gecamines, successfully blocked the sale of a key miner to a Chinese company.
• Namibia: Namibia, rich in lithium, has also challenged China. 
  • A Chinese firm, Xinfeng Investment, was accused of acquiring a Namibian lithium mine via a N$50 million bribe. 
  • Despite pledging local processing, it exported raw ore to China for years amid unsafe conditions and poor worker housing—reflecting neo-colonial exploitation. 
  • Namibia has since banned exports of unprocessed lithium and other critical minerals to promote local beneficiation
• Zimbabwe: In 2023, China’s Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt invested $300 million to construct a lithium processing plant in Zimbabwe. 
  • Most benefits will likely flow back to China unless robust regulatory frameworks and local capacity-building initiatives are implemented.
  • Environmental authorities successfully blocked a Chinese firm’s application for coal mining permits in Hwange National Park, demonstrating increased environmental scrutiny. 
  • In 2022, Zimbabwe banned the export of unprocessed lithium to force investors to build local processing plants.
• Zambia: A catastrophic acid spill from a Chinese-owned copper mine contaminated a tributary of the Kafue River, one of the country’s most critical water sources.
• Cameroon: Resistance is mounting against the Sinosteel-led Lobé-Kribi Iron Ore Project, which was pushed through without adequate consultation with local communities. 

Conclusion

• India can offer a distinct partnership model rooted in democracy, transparency, and capacity building – principles that align with India’s strengths and soft power.
• By focusing on collaborative development where both sides benefit, India can foster strong, mutually beneficial relationships across Africa. 
• This new era of African assertiveness is aptly termed by some experts as Africa’s “Second Independence.

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