Ambedkar Jayanti, celebrated on April 14, marks the birth anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.

Life of DR B.R. Ambedkar

• Early Life: Born into the Mahar community, classified as “untouchable”, in the 19th century Faced severe caste-based discrimination during his school years.
  • Despite extreme poverty and exclusion, pursued education with aid from the Maharaja of Baroda and later the Maharaja of Kolhapur
• Educational Milestones: Having completed postgraduate and doctoral studies at Columbia University (USA) and the London School of Economics (UK), he  continued to face discrimination in India despite holding top-tier academic qualifications.
• Social Reformer: Having rejected a comfortable academic life abroad, I chose the hard path of social reform in India, with a core unifying theme of social justice driving my work and efforts.

Contributions of Ambedkar

• Empowering people:  Sensitised victims of caste discrimination through conferences, publications, and organisations. He launched Mook Nayak (fortnightly, 1920) and founded Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924).
  • He led Mahad Satyagraha (1927) to assert the right to access public water and spoke on military discrimination at Bhima-Koregaon.
• Legal Interventions: Advocated for the marginalized at official forums, including the Southborough Committee (1919), Bombay Provincial Legislative Council, Simon Commission, Round Table Conferences, and the Cripps Mission.
• Administrative Interventions:  Founded political outfits: Independent Labour Party (1936) and the Scheduled Castes Federation (1942).
• Role in Constitution-Making: As a Member of the Constituent Assembly and Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of Independent India, he made key contributions including:
  • Abolition of untouchability
  • Prohibition of discrimination
  • Introduction of affirmative action, including reservations and welfare schemes
  • Enshrinement of civil liberties and fundamental rights
•  Economic Thought and Public Finance: As a trained economist, Ambedkar’s scholarship encompassed critical topics such as commerce in Ancient India, the national dividend in India, the evolution of imperial provincial finance in India, and the problem of the rupee.
• Critique of British Fiscal Policy: Summoned in 1925 to present views before the Royal Commission on Indian Finances
• Labour Reforms: Opposed the Industrial Disputes Bill (1937), advocating workers’ rightsHeld the Labour portfolio in the Viceroy’s Executive Council (1942), also overseeing Irrigation and Power
• .Major Contributions: Ambedkar made significant labour-friendly reforms in the Factories Act (1946), promoted joint labour-management committees.
  • He  initiated groundwork for irrigation projects and water management, and advocated for the establishment of central commissions for labour welfare.
• Social Reform: In 1927, Ambedkar urged Dalit women to break caste-based dressing norms, and adopt self-help and self-respect. In 1942, at the All-India Depressed Classes Women’s Conference
  • He exhorted women to educate their children, achieve financial independence before marriage, and stand as equals in marital life. 
  • He was an early proponent of birth control and post-natal care, and as Law Minister of Independent India,
  • He introduced the Hindu Code Bill (1948), which included progressive provisions such as divorce rights for women, the right to inherit property, and financial autonomy for women.
• Educational Reforms : Ambedkar deeply valued education as a tool for social transformation and took key initiatives such as founding the People’s Educational Society (1946). 
  • He established Siddhartha College of Arts, Bombay, and Milind College, Aurangabad, ensuring that adequate infrastructure and accessibility were provided to scholars.
• Methodology: A core feature of Dr. Ambedkar’s approach to social reform was that every reform was grounded in in-depth study, the formulation of ideas and solutions, and the pursuit of these ideas through multiple avenues,  legislative, legal, educational, and social.
• Addressing the Caste System: Dr. Ambedkar identified the caste hierarchy as the root of socio-economic and political stratification. In 1916, he presented a seminal paper on “The Genesis, Mechanism and Development of Castes in India” at a U.S. anthropology seminar, which remains a landmark study.
  • In 1936, in Annihilation of Caste, he critically analysed the caste system and proposed radical social reform to dismantle caste-based discrimination.
• Intellectual Contributions: Dr. Ambedkar’s thoughts on Pakistan (1940) involved analytical work on the Partition question, while his commentary on Linguistic States (1955) provided valuable insights during India’s state reorganisation phase.
  • These works showcase his timely interventions based on evolving national contexts.
• Embracing Buddhism:In 1935, Dr. Ambedkar declared his intent to leave the Hindu fold and, after years of comparative study of religions, participation in Buddhist forums, and the authorship of The Buddha and His Dhamma — a 600-page compendium on Buddhist philosophy — he took Diksha into Buddhism in 1956.
• Twin Pillars: Dr. Ambedkar believed that nothing was sacred without examination, advocating for rational scrutiny before acceptance. 
  • His life reflects a blend of scholarship and activism, and his legacy is encapsulated in the monumental 17-volume collection of his writings and speeches, standing as evidence of a mind deeply committed to both theory and transformative practice.

Relevance of Ambedkar

• Universal Values and Concepts: Ambedkar’s values and concepts remain universally relevant, with social democracy seen as essential for political democracy, fraternity as social endosmosis and the very core of democracy, and an unwavering commitment to adherence to constitutional methods. 
  • He upheld equality, liberty, and fraternity as the cornerstones of a just world.
• Flexible Pragmatism: Ambedkar’s methodology evolved from philosopher to pragmatist to activist, remaining open to change rather than rigid. 
  • He emphasized individual agency and plural paths to justice, famously stating,
  •  “You must make your efforts to uproot caste, if not in my way, then in your way,” underscoring the importance of adaptable approaches in the fight for social reform.
• Global Relevance: The UN Millennium Declaration highlights both old challenges like poverty and inequality, as well as new challenges such as climate change and the digital divide. 
  • Ambedkar’s principle, “Equality is the only possible governing principle among unequal entities,” serves as a universal directive for global governance and justice.
• Extraordinary Life: Dr. Ambedkar’s journey was marked by focus, hard work, and courage, as he triumphed over deep-rooted discrimination and adversity. 
  • His belief that “Reason and morality are the two most powerful weapons in the armoury of a reformer” stands as a universal principle for all reformers across the world.

Conclusion

As India celebrates 75 years of the Constitution and the 134th birth anniversary of Ambedkar (2025), let us mark him not just as a champion of the downtrodden, a scholar-extraordinaire, and a constitution-builder, but as a leader for all people, all nations, and for all times.

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