In recent developments, global supply chains are undergoing significant shifts due to escalating U.S.-China tensions and the aftermath of COVID-19 disruptions.

• Cordial Ties: Many Asian economies initially benefited from cordial ties with China and historical US relations. They avoided choosing sides between the two superpowers but now face growing pressure to align.

What is Global Supply Chain

• About: A global supply chain is a cross-border network of raw material sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, and distribution that ensures the efficient production and delivery of goods worldwide. 
  • It leverages comparative advantages, technological integration, and trade interdependence.
• Case Study: Apple’s global supply chain involves:
  • Raw Materials: Sourced from Africa, Australia, and China.
  • Manufacturing: Components made in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.
  • Assembly: Major hubs in China, India, and Vietnam.
  • Distribution: Global sales through Apple Stores and e-commerce.

Reasons for China becoming Global Hub of Manufacturing

• Cheap Labor:
• • Large Population: Huge workforce keeps wages low.
  • Skill Development: Government investment in technical skills and vocational training.
• Strong Infrastructure: High-speed rail, world-class ports, extensive road networks. Stable electricity supply and digital infrastructure for industries.
• Export-Oriented Growth: Favorable trade policies and integration into global supply chains.
• Huge Market: Large domestic demand encourages production. Focus on both exports and domestic self-sufficiency.

What is China Plus One Strategy?

• The China Plus One strategy refers to the global business shift away from sole dependence on China by diversifying manufacturing and supply chains to alternative countries like India, Vietnam, Mexico, and Indonesia.

Reasons for Adopting China Plus One Strategy

• COVID-19: Strict COVID-19 lockdowns in China (e.g., Wuhan, Shanghai) led to factory shutdowns, port congestions, and global shipping delays. 
  • This disrupted just-in-time manufacturing, causing shortages of semiconductors, medical supplies, and other essential goods.
• Weaponization of Trade: China imposed sanctions on Australian coal, barley, and wine after Australia called for a COVID-19 origins investigation. Highlighted risks of over-dependence on Chinese markets.
• Tech War: Restrictions on Chinese tech firms (Huawei, TikTok) and semiconductor exports.

Strategies initiated by countries to reduce Dependency on China

• Friendshoring: Friendshoring’- the term is shorthand for the practice of relocating supply chains to countries where the risk of disruption from political chaos is low. 
  • It is a strategy where a country sources the raw materials, components and even manufactured goods from countries that share its values.
  • China+1 was never an exit from China, but a strategy to hedge risks.
  • Example: Malaysia and Vietnam positioned themselves as neutral trade partners.
• U.S Trade Policies: Trump’s trade measures restrict China’s access to US technology, energy, and key industries to curb its economic influence.
  •  Additionally, Mexico faces pressure to limit rising imports from China, reflecting broader US efforts to reshape global trade dynamics.
• Nearshoring: Nearshoring is a business strategy that involves relocating some or all of a company’s operations to a nearby country. Nearshoring will intensify, moving from just rerouting goods to relocating production itself.
  • Future trade policies will focus on where goods are made, not just where they transit.

Key Examples of Nearshoring

• Bilateral Trade Boost: India and the UAE agreed to settle trade in local currencies (INR-AED) instead of USD.
• Supply Chain Benefits: Strengthens trade ties, reduces forex risks, and enhances regional economic integration.
• Energy & Manufacturing: UAE’s role in energy exports and India’s manufacturing expansion aligns with nearshoring principles.

Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI)

• Members: India, Japan, and Australia launched SCRI in 2021 to reduce dependence on China.
• Objective: Strengthen regional supply chains by promoting alternative production hubs.
• Implementation: Joint investments, technology transfers, and industrial cooperation to ensure stable supply chains.

Reasons for Shifting of Global Supply chains from China

• Economic Challenges:  China remains the world’s largest manufacturer but faces weak domestic consumer spending, a real estate sector crisis impacting long-term growth, and a continued reliance on exports for economic stability.
• Nearshoring: The US cannot rebuild its manufacturing base overnight, making Mexico and Canada key players in its industrial strategy. However, supply chain restructuring may extend disinflation challenges in the near term.
• Rise of Uber-Regionalism: A shift from hyper-globalization (1980s–2016) to regional trade blocs. 2016 Trump victory marked a turning point, challenging the Washington consensus of open markets.
• Trade Regionalization: Trade regionalization affects manufacturing more than services. The US dollar remains dominant, ensuring financial globalization continues.

Conclusion

Supply chains constantly evolve, but this transformation is structural. Countries like Japan & South Korea may need strategic alignment to avoid economic isolation.

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