Field Marshals K.M. Cariappa and Sam Manekshaw, two iconic post-Independence Indian military leaders who shaped the ethos, professionalism, and integrity of the Indian Army, setting enduring benchmarks of courage, character, and nationalism.

Military Background and Early Careers

• K. M. Cariappa: Among the first Indian officers trained at the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun (1932); served in Burma and Iran during the Second World War.
• S. H. F. J. Manekshaw: Graduate of the first batch of the Indian Military Academy (1934); earned the Military Cross for gallantry during World War II in Burma.
  • Their early training under British command helped shape the discipline, leadership, and professionalism of the Indian Army in its formative years.

Leadership during Post-Independence Wars

• Cariappa in 1947–48 War: As General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command, led operations in Jammu and Kashmir, ensuring India’s control over Zoji La, Drass, and Kargil.
  • Demonstrated exceptional coordination, leadership, and decision-making under pressure.
• Manekshaw in 1971 War: As Chief of Army Staff, planned and executed India’s military campaign that led to the creation of Bangladesh.
  • His emphasis on readiness and timing ensured a swift and decisive victory.

Leadership Ethos and Command Philosophy

• Soldiers’ Welfare First: Cariappa’s instruction to Pakistan — “Look after all of them well. They are all my sons” — referring to Indian Prisoners of War, reflecting compassion and equality.
• Moral Courage: Manekshaw’s refusal to launch the 1971 war prematurely without adequate preparation showed integrity and strategic judgment.
  • Both upheld secularism, apolitical discipline, and loyalty to the Constitution as guiding principles for the Armed Forces.

Character and Human Values

• Humanitarian Approach: Cariappa rejected special treatment for his son, Squadron Leader K. C. Cariappa, who was captured during the 1965 war, said all POWs deserved equal care.
• Personal Integrity and Wit: Manekshaw was known for his forthrightness, humour, and dignity, which inspired confidence among soldiers and citizens alike.
• Guiding Motto: Both embodied the Army’s core creed — “The safety, honour, and welfare of the country come first, always and every time.”

Institutional and National Legacy

• Cariappa: As Independent India’s first Commander-in-Chief of the Army (1949), he strengthened military professionalism and ensured smooth transition from colonial command.
• Manekshaw: Elevated to Field Marshal in 1973, he modernised the Army’s operational planning and promoted strategic thinking within defence leadership.
  • Both established a legacy of civil–military balance, professionalism, and ethical conduct in the service of the nation.

Conclusion

Field Marshals Cariappa and Manekshaw exemplify ethical leadership, courage, and constitutional loyalty. Their lives remain guiding beacons for India’s Armed Forces, symbolising the spirit of “Service Before Self” and national pride.

DOWNLOAD PDF