The Centre signed a landmark tripartite agreement with Kuki-Zo insurgent groups and the state government, and convinced protesters to restart traffic on an arterial highway that was blocked for two years.

• These developments represent tangible progress in a volatile sociopolitical landscape coupled with fewer instances of violence that have been reported since President’s Rule.

Significance of The Suspension of Operations (SoO) Pact

• Reopening of NH 2: For two years, blockades on this route effectively partitioned Manipur between the Meitei-dominated valley districts and the Kuki-Zo hill areas.
  • The restoration of movement on NH-2 is a crucial step toward normalising daily life and economic activity.
• Stricter Benchmarks: It is seen as a landmark moment, especially after the abrupt termination of SoO in March 2023 by then CM N. Biren Singh.
  • This unilateral termination was seen as contributing to the deteriorating community relations and removed a key check on the proliferation of arms and militancy that security agencies struggled to tamp down over the next two years
  • The new pact includes stricter benchmarks: camp locations, weapon relocation, and tighter monitoring.

Consequences of the Prolonged Unrest

• Human Cost of Violence: Over 260 lives lost and 50,000 displaced during the two years of unrest.
• Sectarian Split: Breakdown of law and order and sectarian split within the state apparatus eroded public trust.
• Distrust: Political leadership failed to inspire confidence.
  • This meant that meaningful political dialogue remained stillborn and militant ideologies hardened positions on both sides, pulling more communities into the vortex of violence.

Challenges to Peace

• Deep mistrust persists:  Meitei groups described the new agreement as “fuel to the fire”.
• Sporadic violence: Sporadic Violence continues despite heavy security deployment.
  • Past attempts at reconciliation (e.g., bus services) led to casualties, showing fragile nature of peace.
• Core Issues Unresolved: The core issues driving the conflict:  identity, land rights, political representation, and economic opportunities, remain largely unaddressed by security measures alone.

Way Forward

• New SoO should act as a foundation for deeper political dialogue.
• PM’s potential visit (September 13) could provide momentum for wide-ranging negotiations.
• Long-term peace depends on inclusive dialogue and addressing root causes, not just military control.

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