Indian cities face severe pollution, poor infrastructure, and inadequate public services. Without reforms, cities risk becoming unlivable and unsafe.

Urban Challenges in India

• Air Pollution: Delhi’s air turns hazardous every winter, with 42 towns ranking among the top 50 for air pollution.
• Water Contamination: Nearly 50% of 603 rivers are polluted, including major rivers like Yamuna and Ganga.
• Waste Mismanagement: Less than 20% of waste is treated; overflowing landfills release methane, worsening environmental hazards.
• Economic Impact: The Clean Air Fund estimates air pollution costs $95 billion annually in lost productivity and healthcare expenses.
• Extreme Weather : Mumbai & Bengaluru: Flooding and waterlogging displaced thousands last year. New Delhi & North India experience heatwaves with temperatures nearing 50°C leading to heat-related illnesses and fatalities.
• Poor Public Transport: Indian cities struggle with congestion compared to Bangkok, London, Dubai, and Singapore, which have efficient transport networks.
• Failing Essential Services: Water and sanitation infrastructure cannot support 600 million urban residents expected by 2036. Cities lack world-class urban planning and governance.
• Rapid Urbanization: Census Towns increased from 1,362 (2001) to 3,894 (2011), contributing to one-third of urban growth. By 2036, over 600 million people will live in Indian cities, which lack adequate infrastructure to support this growth.

Governance Challenges

• Mismatch: Census towns are governed as rural areas, leading to a mismatch in governance.
• Poor Planning: Lack of urban planning and essential public services.
• Poor Funding: No access to urban development schemes and funding.
• Regional Disparity: Delayed recognition worsens regional disparities.

Way Forward

• Climate Resilience Infra: Climate-Resilient Infrastructure includes green infrastructure, such as parks and green roofs, to reduce heat. It also incorporates modern drainage and flood management systems to prevent waterlogging.
  • Additionally, early warning systems play a vital role in improving disaster preparedness.
• Lessons from Global Cities: 
  • Bangkok: Efficient metro, vibrant street life, and tourism-friendly policies.
  • London: Seamless public transport, green spaces, and cultural hubs.
  • Dubai: Business-friendly infrastructure and investment incentives.
  • Singapore: Smart city initiatives and clean governance.
• Urban Reforms: Census towns must be formally notified as urban areas to integrate them into governance structures.
• Planning Overhaul: Addressing infrastructure gaps through sustainable planning, financing, and governance.
• Lessons from Singapore:  In the 1960s, Singapore faced significant challenges, including overcrowding, slums, traffic congestion, pollution, and water shortages. Key Strategies for Success are: 
• • Efficient land use and robust infrastructure.
  • Sustainable urban planning with green spaces.
  • Affordable housing and mass transit investments.
  • Strict pollution control measures.
  • Indian Cities must adopt long-term urban planning and governance reforms inspired by Singapore.
• Government Initiative: The Rs 1 Lakh Crore Urban Challenge Fund, introduced in the Union Budget 2025-26, aims to promote cities as growth hubs through creative redevelopment and improved water and sanitation infrastructure. 
  • This initiative encourages cities to transform into world-class destinations while incentivizing mass transit, electrification, and sustainability.
• Focus Areas: As part of the City-Level Grand Challenge, cities will be ranked based on their performance in pollution control, waste management, and urban sustainability.
  • Key evaluation parameters include transport electrification, emission control, and construction regulations.

Conclusion

India’s urban future depends on bold reforms and world-class infrastructure to make cities livable, sustainable, and globally competitive.

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