On March 22, World Water Day, PM Modi emphasized the urgent need for water conservation for both present and future generations. 

• Launch of Jal Shakti Abhiyan: On the same day, the Ministry of Jal Shakti launched the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain 2025. 
  • The initiative highlights community participation in water conservation as a central component of the strategy to address India’s growing water crisis

Community Participation in Water Policies

• Community Involvement: Existing water policies allow community participation primarily in the management of water resources but not in decision-making processes.
  • For ex: Water User Associations (WUAs) are statutory bodies where farmers manage irrigation systems. 
    • While they manage irrigation, the decision-making power remains vested with state authorities.
• Grant Decision-making Power: Policies should empower communities by granting them a role in decision-making about water management, ensuring they have authority over the processes that impact them directly.
  Acknowledge Traditional Practices: Traditional water conservation techniques, often honed over generations, should be recognized and integrated into modern water management strategies.

Challenges for Vulnerable Groups in Water Management

• Dalit and Adivasi Communities: These communities often face greater water scarcity, especially in rural and remote areas where access to clean water is limited.
• Small Farmers: Small-scale farmers are heavily impacted by groundwater depletion and erratic rainfall, which threaten their agricultural livelihoods.
• Women: Women typically bear the burden of fetching water from distant and often unreliable sources, leading to increased physical strain and time constraints.
  • Water policies should be designed to address the unique needs of these vulnerable communities, ensuring they have equitable access to water and resources for coping with water crises.
• Fragmented Water Management In India, water, forests, land, and biodiversity are regulated separately by different government bodies, leading to inefficiencies and fragmented approaches to water management. Example:
• • The Forest Department manages forests.
  • The Irrigation Department controls water distribution.
  • The Agriculture Department oversees farming activities.
  • This division leads to disjointed efforts, where water conservation cannot be effectively achieved because ecosystem components are not considered holistically.
• Adopt an Integrated Approach: Policies should move towards an integrated water management approach that takes into account all ecological components (water, land, forests, and biodiversity) together.
• Example from Rajasthan: Orans are sacred forests maintained by local communities in Rajasthan for both religious and conservation purposes.
  • Role of Orans in Water Conservation:Orans serve as natural water catchment areas. The presence of trees and grass cover in these forests helps retain rainwater.
  • The ecosystem of Orans traps surface runoff, which not only supports water conservation but also benefits local biodiversity.

Climate Change and Water Crisis

• Unpredictable Rainfall Patterns: Climate change is causing significant variability in rainfall, making water availability unpredictable across different regions of India.
• Melting Glaciers: The glaciers in the Himalayas are rapidly melting, altering the flow patterns of rivers, which traditionally relied on snowmelt for a stable water supply.
• Increasing Frequency of Droughts and Floods: Climate change has led to a rise in both droughts and floods, putting immense pressure on India’s water management systems and agricultural cycles.

Way Forward

• Focus on Environmental needs: Water policies often focus exclusively on human needs, neglecting the environmental needs of ecosystems. 
  • Example: In Western India, some communities practice a holistic approach to water management, ensuring water availability for animals before allocating water for irrigation purposes. 
• Legal Recognition: The Judiciary has increasingly promoted the ‘Rights of Nature’, acknowledging that ecosystems and non-human entities have inherent rights to be protected.
• Incorporate Environmental Needs: Water policies should be revised to consider ecosystem needs alongside human demands. 
• Develop Climate-Resilient Water Systems: Water systems must be adapted to handle the increased variability in rainfall and unpredictable water flows. 
  • This involves creating climate-resilient infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events like droughts and floods.

Conclusion

Policies must shift from rhetoric to real action by actively involving communities. Traditional knowledge and local participation are key to sustainable water management.Water conservation is a collective responsibility that includes government, society, and individuals. A holistic approach recognizing the value of water for ecosystems is necessary.

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