Biodiversity is vital for environmental health, economic prosperity, and human well-being. Yet, it faces severe threats from extinction, urbanisation, and unplanned development. The 2025 International Day for Biological Diversity urges harmony with nature and sustainable urban planning.

Understanding Biodiversity and Its Global Framework

• Biodiversity: Variety of life on Earth — crucial for ecosystem balance and survival.
• Species Extinction Risk: About 25% of species globally are under threat of extinction.
• Global Commitments:
  • CBD Adoption: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted on May 22, 1992.
  • Kunming-Montreal GBF:  Outlines 4 goals and 23 targets, with
    • Target 12 focused on enhancing urban green and blue spaces.
    • Aligned with SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.

Ecosystem & Health Benefits of Urban Biodiversity

• Provisioning Services: Biodiversity provides food, fibre, clean air, and water.
• Heat and Climate Mitigation: Reduces urban heat island effects.
• Environmental Protection: Aids in flood control, carbon sequestration, and pollution control.
• Noise Reduction: Green belts can reduce noise pollution by 5 decibels.
• Temperature Regulation (Frankfurt): Green infrastructure reduced city temperature by 3.5°C.
• Economic Value of Trees: Estimated at $967,000 (₹8 crore) per sq km annually.

Worrying Urban Forest Data

• Average urban forest cover: 10.26% of city area.
  • Mumbai: 25.43%
  • Delhi & Hyderabad: 12.6%
  • Bengaluru: 6.85%
  • Chennai: 4.66%
  • Ahmedabad: 3.27%
• Forest cover loss (2021–2023): Chennai (2.6 sq km), Hyderabad (1.6 sq km).

Urban Planning and Infrastructure

• Green Infrastructure Development: Promotes parks, tree-lined roads, and wetland conservation.
• Community Impact: Enhances community well-being and public health.

Guidelines for Urban Greening

• UN Habitat’s 3-30-300 Rule:
  • 3 trees visible from every home/school/workplace
  • 30% tree canopy in all neighbourhoods
  • 300 metres to the nearest public green space
• City Biodiversity Index (by ICLEI Asia):
  • Based on: Native biodiversity, Ecosystem services & Biodiversity governance
  • Leads to Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (LBSAP)

Inspiring Urban Case Studies

• Koyambedu Market (Chennai): Regeneration of 141 plant species, 35 birds, 27 butterflies.
  • Created by Care Earth Trust.
• Madras Race Club: Transformed into lake for groundwater recharge.
• Pallikaranai Marsh: From wasteland to Ramsar site (restored wetland).

Actionable Local Initiatives

• Tree-Planting Mandate: Requires 5 trees on plots over 2,400 sq ft.
• Urban Farming Promotion: Encourages roof gardens and kitchen gardens.
• Pollution Control: Ban on garbage dumping and sewage release into water bodies.
• Nature-Based Solutions: Emphasizes green restoration techniques with legal protection.

Call for Collective Action

• Enforcement Measures: Calls for strict penalties against green space destruction.
• Judicial Action: Supreme Court stepped in on deforestation in Kancha Gachibowli, Hyderabad.
• Policy Integration: Biodiversity must be mainstreamed into city governance.
• Public Involvement: Involves citizen participation and corporate accountability.
• Mass Movement: Essential to build a public biodiversity movement for long-term impact.

Conclusion

Urban biodiversity is essential for climate resilience, health, and sustainable cities. Integrating green planning, legal safeguards, and public involvement is key to ensuring a greener, livable future for all urban inhabitants.

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