The issue of manual scavenging and septic tank desludging in India remains a significant public health concern despite various legal frameworks. 

• The article emphasizes the necessity for a mechanized solution to septic tank cleaning and the challenges faced by workers involved in hazardous manual tasks.

What is Septic Tank desludging? 

It involves cleaning underground tanks where household toilet waste collects. 

• This essential sanitation task is marred by a dangerous business model leading to frequent worker deaths highlighting significant enforcement and social justice challenges.

Reality of Septic Tank Cleaning

• Deaths and Inadequate Safety Measures:  The cleaning of septic tanks, gutters, and sewers is inherently hazardous due to the presence of poisonous gases and lack of oxygen. 
  • Deaths often occur in a tragic pattern: one worker enters, succumbs to the toxic environment, and subsequent workers attempting rescue also perish.
  • The Ministry of Social Justice revealed that 150 workers died in 2022 and 2023 due to hazardous cleaning.
  • A social audit of 54 of these workers showed that 38 were hired by local contractors, while only five were on government payroll. 
• Lack of adequate protective equipment: Despite the identified 57,758 workers engaged in hazardous cleaning nationwide in 2024, only 16,791 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) kits were supplied.
• Lack of adequate social protection: Fewer than 14,000 workers received health cards, and only 837 safety workshops were conducted across 4,800 urban local bodies.
• Gap in data collection: A significant gap exists in data collection, with a near-complete lack of information on sanitation workers in rural areas.

Existing Legal Frameworks and Their Shortcomings

India has established robust legal and policy frameworks to address manual scavenging and promote mechanised cleaning. However, implementation on the ground remains a critical issue.

• The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Rehabilitation Act 2013 directly prohibits manual scavenging.
• Supreme Court’s Directives: The Supreme Court has issued strict orders on this matter.
• Swachh Bharat Guidelines: Swachh Bharat advisories discourage manual cleaning.
• The National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) scheme, launched in 2023, specifically aims for mechanised cleaning using machines.
  • The NAMASTE scheme has received only ₹14 crore in allocated funds so far, which is insufficient to mechanise sewer cleaning in even a single major city. This minimal allocation highlights a significant lack of political will.
• Ineffective Emergency Units: Emergency Response Sanitation Units, designed to assist during accidents or blockages, often function as “paper tigers” – existing on paper but lacking resources and power to be effective.
• Shift of Accountability: When a worker dies, police routinely register cases against the lowest-level supervisor, instead of holding the principal employer accountable. 
  • Failure to Enforce Supreme Court Liability Orders: The Supreme Court has explicitly directed that cases be registered against principal employers and monetary liabilities imposed, yet local bodies are yet to notify such rules.

Leveraging Technology in Septic Tank Cleaning

Technology is readily available to replace manual cleaning. Mechanised desludging vehicles and sewer robots offer viable, safer alternatives.

• Odisha has successfully identified workers, provided them with PPE kits, and granted access to mechanised desludging vehicles.
• Tamil Nadu has pioneered the use of sewer robots in Chennai, which have successfully cleaned over 5,000 manholes.
• Industry experts confirm that most underground infrastructure can be cleaned robotically, given sufficient capital subsidies for machine purchase and proper operator training. However, government tenders frequently still invite manual bids.

The Underlying Social Justice Dimension

 The issue of manual scavenging is deeply intertwined with social justice.

• A staggering two-thirds of the validated workers engaged in hazardous cleaning are Dalits. This reflects a societal pattern where certain communities are forced into contemptible occupations.
• Rehabilitation efforts often fall short, with packages rarely including essential support like housing or scholarships for children, which are vital for families to exit these occupations. 
  • Women who are still forced to sweep dry latrines receive even less policy attention.

Recommendations for Comprehensive Reform

To eradicate hazardous septic tank desludging and ensure worker safety, a multi-faceted approach driven by strong political will is essential.

• Urban local bodies must implement complete mechanisation of sewer and septic tank cleaning without delay.
• Hazardous cleaning should be made a licensed trade, with proper training and safety workshops for licensed workers. 
  • Operating without a valid certificate must be a cognisable offence.
• The government must provide subsidies for machine purchases and offer loans to workers and contractors to acquire necessary equipment. 
  • These loans should be linked to guaranteed service contracts from municipalities.
• Principal employers must be held accountable for worker deaths and unsafe practices, as mandated by the Supreme Court.
• Comprehensive profiling of workers in rural areas is crucial to understand the full scope of hazardous cleaning nationwide.
• The national government should include septic tank desludging under the Swachh Bharat rural budget and extend NAMASTE scheme benefits, including profiling and subsidies, to gram panchayats.
• Ultimately, political will is paramount. Laws and schemes are only effective if rigorously enforced.

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