Solar energy is not only revolutionising the energy sector but also fostering societal change. 

• Rooftop solar (RTS) offers a cost-effective, decentralised, and sustainable solution to India’s growing electricity demands, empowering consumers—including women and marginalised communities—to achieve greater self-sufficiency.

Importance of the Solar Energy

• First Rooftop Solar Array: Before Charles Fritts installed the first rooftop photovoltaic solar array with 1% efficient selenium cells in New York City in 1884, the sun was mainly recognized for photosynthesis and evaporation.
• Solar Energy Today: Today, solar energy is vital for climate patterns and has become a transformative force in electricity generation. 
  • Unlike traditional energy sources, it can now be harnessed directly in homes, making it an essential household resource.

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Decentralisation of Solar Energy and its Impact on Women

The shift to solar energy empowers women as active economic participants and agents of change. Limited energy access significantly affects their health, safety, and economic potential.

• Shift from Diesel Pumps: In Gujarat’s Little Rann of Kutch, women salt farmers have transitioned from costly diesel pumps to solar, boosting their income by 94% and reducing CO2 emissions by up to 115,000 metric tons annually.
• Global Initiatives: Programs like Barefoot College (India), Grameen Shakti (Bangladesh), and Solar Sister (Africa) empower women as solar engineers, benefiting millions. For instance, We Care Solar’s suitcases reduced perinatal deaths by 72% in Uganda’s health centers.
• Livelihood Opportunities in Solar: The solar sector employs more women than any other energy industry. In 2022, the solar photovoltaic industry provided jobs for around 4.9 million people, with women making up 40% of the workforce.
• Job Creation Potential: With India’s ambitious renewable targets, the solar sector is expected to create three million new jobs by 2030, offering significant opportunities for women.

Impact on other Communities

• Uplifting Marginalised Communities: In India’s coal mining districts, communities often suffer from the “resource curse,” facing poverty and poor living conditions despite the area’s rich natural resources. 
  • Solar energy presents a sustainable alternative, providing clean energy that can improve health, education, and living standards.
• Ensuring Clean Energy and Community Well-Being: Distributed solar systems connect energy production with community well-being, driving climate resilience and providing clean energy to off-grid areas.
• Eco-Friendly Solutions: Rooftop installations and mini-grids provide scalable, eco-friendly solutions, creating local jobs without the environmental impacts of large-scale projects.
• Community Engagement: Effective community engagement is crucial for project success. In India, self-help groups, farmer-producer organisations, and panchayati raj institutions play key roles in planning village infrastructure.
• Role of Rural Energy Committees: In areas lacking formal structures, rural energy committees can manage mini-grid operations, ensuring comprehensive energy access for the entire community.

Challenges in the Solar Energy Sector

• Geographical Imbalance: Most investments in solar energy are concentrated in developed nations, leaving developing countries, especially in Africa, significantly behind.
• Sectoral Imbalance: Funding predominantly flows to large-scale solar farms, while essential applications like solar pumps and cold storage remain overlooked.
• Concentration of Manufacturing: The manufacturing sector is heavily concentrated in a few countries, primarily China. This reliance disrupts supply chains and inflates prices, a challenge that will likely worsen with rising global demand.
• Household Affordability: Ensuring the availability and affordability of solar energy at the household level is critical and requires robust government and market support.
• Recycling Issues: Proper attention must be given to recycling solar panels to manage waste effectively. This can be achieved through:
  • Establishing Clear Guidelines: Implementing guidelines for processing photovoltaic materials is essential for sustainability and waste management.
  • Government-Producer Collaboration: A strong framework should mandate producer responsibility, fostering collaboration between the government and producers for efficient end-of-life management and recycling.
  • Exploring Diverse Waste Management Solutions: Initiatives like mobile recycling plants and stringent waste management processes are crucial for enhancing the environmental and economic sustainability of the solar sector.

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Conclusion

A just energy transition is more than a shift from fossil fuels to renewables. It is about ensuring that all communities, especially those historically sidelined, benefit from the change. For solar energy to truly empower communities, it must be inclusive and equitable, positioning women not just as beneficiaries but also as pivotal change agents. This necessitates a re-evaluation of energy policies through a gender lens.

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