The NSS 80th Round (April-June 2025) survey, on “Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education”, shows that many families incur substantial expenses for private schooling and coaching, making basic education increasingly costly.

Constitutional and Policy Framework

• Right to Education: Article 21A (86th Amendment, 2002) guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged six to fourteen.
• Vision Under NEP 2020: The NEP 2020 extends the goal of universal education to ages three to 18, covering pre-primary to higher secondary education and aiming for universalisation by 2030.

Enrolment Trends in Schools

• Overall Distribution: Nationally, 55.9% of students attend government schools, 11.3% attend private aided schools, and 31.9% attend private unaided schools.
• Urban–Rural Differences: In urban areas, 51.4% of schoolchildren are enrolled in private schools, compared with 24.3% in rural areas.
• Gender Differences: The gender gap in private school enrolment is small, with 34% of boys and 29.5% of girls studying in private schools.
• Level-wise Rural vs Urban Enrolment: In rural areas, private school enrolment ranges from 28.1% at pre-primary to 25.8% at higher secondary.
  • In urban areas, private school enrolment is much higher, from 62.9% at pre-primary to 42.3% at higher secondary.
• Rising Private Enrolment Over Time: Compared to the 75th round survey (2017-18), rural private primary enrolment has increased from 20.9% to 25.9%, reflecting a “Flight for Quality” as parents feel government schools lack quality and are willing to make financial sacrifices.
• High Fee Levels Across Sectors: Average annual private school fees range from ₹18,000 to ₹33,000 in rural areas.
  • In urban areas, average annual private school fees range from ₹26,000 to ₹49,000.

Fee Burden and the Rise of Shadow Education

• Increased Financial Exclusion: Pre-primary fees in private schools are equivalent to the entire monthly per capita expenditure of the poorest 5% of Indian households.
  • For the poorest families, a whole month’s income is needed just to cover early schooling costs, undermining the spirit of Article 21A (Right to Education).
• Rising Dependence on Private Tuition: 25.5% of rural children and 30.7% of urban children rely on private tuition.
• Vicious Cycle of Double Burden: Although private schools charge relatively high fees, many teachers are underpaid and often underqualified, leading students to rely on private tutoring for academic support.

 Impact of Financial Exclusion With Respect To Education

• Intergenerational Inequality: The system perpetuates “Intergenerational Inequality,” as children of the rich access better schools and coaching, while the poor remain in underfunded schools, ensuring the income gap persists across generations.
• Education as a Market Product: Education has been reduced from a “public good” to a “market product.”
• Declining Quality Despite Cost: A study suggests that reliance on tuition is negatively associated with the quality of school education, indicating that even paid private schools are failing to deliver quality.

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Way Forward

• Strengthening Public Education: Strengthen public schools by improving infrastructure and teacher training to earn the trust of parents and children.
• Regulation of Private School Fees:  Regulate and cap private school fees to prevent arbitrary increases.
• Improving Teacher Quality and Pay: Increase teacher salaries and quality to reduce the need for external tuition.

Conclusion

The ultimate goal is to ensure education remains a right, not a privilege, to prevent society from becoming further divided.

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