India Vs Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Comparison

Gaurav Soni October 18, 2023 11:39 7262 0

Economic Momentum - India vs Bangladesh: Recent data from the IMF revealed that Bangladesh continues to have higher per capita GDP when compared to India till 2022.

India Vs Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Comparison

Context: Economic Momentum – India vs Bangladesh: Recent data from the IMF revealed that Bangladesh continues to have higher per capita GDP when compared to India till 2022.

Comparative Geography: The India Vs Bangladesh Border Landscape

Land Boundary: The India-Bangladesh border is the fifth-longest land border in the world, at 4,096 kilometres.
States Sharing Border with Bangladesh: West Bengal (2,217 km), Tripura (856 km), Meghalaya (443 km), Mizoram (318 km), and Assam (262 km).
Transboundary River Systems: India vs Bangladesh Shared Hydrological Landscape
- Ganges: It originates in the Himalayas and flows through India and Bangladesh before meeting the Bay of Bengal.
- Brahmaputra: It originates in Tibet and flows through India and Bangladesh before meeting the Ganges in Bangladesh.
- Meghna: It is formed by the confluence of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers, which both flow from India.
- Feni: It flows through the Indian state of Tripura and the Bangladeshi district of Feni. Other rivers:
- Other rivers that pass through the India-Bangladesh border include the Mahananda, Torsa, Dharla, and Atrai.

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Historical Context – India vs Bangladesh: India’s Role in the Emergence of Bangladesh as a Nation

Partition of India: After the partition of India in 1947, the region became East Pakistan, one of two wings of the newly formed nation of Pakistan.
Political Imbalance: In the 1950s, Pakistan was dominated by a military-bureaucratic oligarchy in West Pakistan, leaving the Bengalis in East Pakistan with little political representation.
1970 General Elections: In the 1970 general elections, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s Awami League in East Pakistan won a landslide victory, giving them a clear majority in the Pakistani National Assembly.
West Pakistan’s Resistance: West Pakistan was unwilling to allow an East Pakistani leader to rule the country, leading to a political crisis.
Cultural Differences: The conflict was exacerbated by language and cultural differences between East and West Pakistan.
Operation Searchlight: On March 26, 1971, West Pakistan initiated “Operation Searchlight,” a brutal military crackdown in East Pakistan, leading to widespread suffering and a flood of refugees into India.
Indian Support: India provided assistance to the refugees and supported the Bangladeshi guerilla resistance movement, the Mukti Bahini.
Defeat of Pakistani Military: The Indian Army, along with the Mukti Bahini, defeated the Pakistani forces.
Emergence of Bangladesh: This intervention, lasting just 13 days, brought an end to the war and paved the way for the birth of the independent nation of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971.
Recognition by India: India was the first country to recognize Bangladesh as an independent state and established diplomatic relations immediately after its independence in 1971.

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Key Areas of Cooperation – India Vs Bangladesh:

Area of Cooperation	Description
Security & Border Management	Coordinated Border Management plan, signed in 2011, aims to synergize the efforts of both countries’ border guarding forces to control cross-border illegal activities and crimes. The India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) 2015 facilitated the exchange of enclaves between India and Bangladesh and the signing of strip maps. The settlement of the maritime boundary arbitration between two countries based on the UNCLOS award in 2014, has opened avenues for economic development in the Bay of Bengal region, benefiting both countries. India and Bangladesh have established an annual Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT) as a joint initiative between their navies.
Defence	High-level exchanges include the edition of India vs Bangladesh CORPAT ‘Bangosagar’ exercise, Regional Commanders meeting of Coast Guards and the Annual Defense Dialogues.
River Water Management	India and Bangladesh have a shared responsibility for managing the waters of 54 rivers, with Bangladesh being the lower riparian country. Bilateral Joint Rivers Commission (JRC) 1972: For developing flood control measures, formulating proposals for advance flood warnings, etc. Ganges Waters Treaty (1996): It has been successful in facilitating the sharing of water from the River Ganges during the lean season. Kushiyara Pact: India and Bangladesh agreed to share the waters of a significant transboundary river, the Kushiyara.
Bilateral Trade	India Vs Bangladesh – Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia, and India is the second biggest trade partner of Bangladesh Both countries are working on joint investments and collaboration under the ‘Blue Economy’ program, which focuses on the exploration of hydrocarbons, marine resources, deep-sea fishing, marine ecology preservation, and disaster management among littoral states. Duty concessions: Since 2011, India has provided duty-free, quota-free access to Bangladesh (and other SAARC LDCs) on all tariff lines, except for sensitive items such as tobacco and alcohol, under SAFTA. Border Haats: Two each in Tripura and Meghalaya, have been established to benefit communities along the border.
Energy Sector Cooperation	Power Transmission: Through interconnections like the Berhampore-Bheramara interconnection and Suraj Mani Nagar-Comilla interconnection. Nuclear Power: India, Russia, and Bangladesh signed an agreement for the construction of the Rooppur atomic plant in Bangladesh. Thermal Power: The Maitree thermal power plant, with a capacity of 1320 MW, is a joint venture between the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) of India and the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). India vs Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline – In 2018, the construction of the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline Project was inaugurated. This pipeline, spanning 130 km, connects Siliguri in West Bengal, India, to Parbatipur in the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh.
Connectivity	India vs Bangladesh Road transport: There are 36 functional Land Customs Stations (LCSs) and 2 Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) along the border, enabling the operationalization of goods transportation. The Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) aims to enhance road connectivity. India vs Bangladesh Waterway development: Since 1972, Protocol on Inland Water Trade and Transit (PIWTT) has facilitated the movement of goods through barges/vessels on eight specific routes across the river systems of Bangladesh. Connectivity through Coastal Waterways, facilitated by the Coastal Shipping Agreement, has enabled direct sea movement of containerized, bulk, and dry cargo between the two countries. India vs Bangladesh Railway Empowerment : The passenger train service ‘Maitree Express’ between Kolkata and Dhaka now operates four days a week and has been converted into a fully air-conditioned (AC) train service.
Cultural Exchange	The High Commission of India has been publishing the Bengali literary monthly magazine ‘Bharat Bichitra’ in both print and electronic editions for the past 43 years. India vs Bangladesh Cultural Competition – The Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre conducts regular training courses in various disciplines such as Yoga, Hindi language, Hindustani Classical Music, Manipuri Dance, Kathak, and Painting.

India Vs Bangladesh – Major Challenges in Relation

India vs Bangladesh – Teesta Water Issue: Bangladesh has proposed a 50:50 water-sharing agreement, while India has proposed a 42:58 water-sharing agreement.
- India’s concerns about the impact on its own water supply have hindered the signing of a treaty.
China’s Influence: India views Bangladesh’s proximity to China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative as a potential threat to its own regional influence.
- China’s investment in Bangladesh has increased by over 500% in the past five years.
India Vs Bangladesh – Illegal Migration and Insurgency: The porous border between the two countries has led to a significant influx of illegal migrants, posing socio-economic and security challenges for India.
- According to the Indian government, there are over 20 million illegal Bangladeshi immigrants living in India.
Rohingya Crisis: India’s handling of the Rohingya refugee crisis has been a point of contention.
- The Rohingya are a Muslim minority in Myanmar, which is a predominantly Buddhist country.
Drug Smuggling and Trafficking: Cross-border drug smuggling and human trafficking are significant challenges that require joint efforts to combat.
- According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Bangladesh is a major transit point for drugs smuggled from Myanmar to India.
Border Disputes: There are over 100 unresolved border disputes between India and Bangladesh. These disputes have led to skirmishes and violence between the two countries.
Public Discontentment: Various issues that have led to public discontentment in Bangladesh, including market access for Indian energy companies, border restrictions, unresolved agreements like the Teesta treaty, and limited market access for Bangladeshi companies and TV channels.

India Vs Bangladesh – Pathway to Strengthen Cooperation

Joint Task Forces and Smart Border Management: India vs Bangladesh Cooperation

- Implementation and Collaboration: Both countries should commit to establishing joint task forces and smart border management solutions. Regular meetings between law enforcement agencies can ensure shared intelligence and coordinated operations.
- Investment in Technology: Invest in advanced technologies like AI, data analytics, and surveillance systems to monitor and secure the borders effectively.
- Capacity Building: Provide training and resources to border security personnel to enhance their skills in combating drug smuggling, human trafficking, and other illegal activities.

Digital Connectivity Corridor: India vs Bangladesh digital Connectivity

- Infrastructure Development: Invest in building the necessary infrastructure for high-speed internet connectivity, focusing on urban as well as rural areas.
- Promotion of E-commerce: Provide support to small businesses and entrepreneurs to facilitate cross-border e-commerce, promoting economic growth on both sides.
- Cybersecurity Cooperation: Collaborate on cybersecurity measures to ensure the safety and privacy of digital transactions and data exchange.

Addressing Specific Bilateral Issues:

- Teesta River Water Dispute: Both countries should engage in diplomatic talks mediated by neutral parties to reach a fair and mutually acceptable agreement on Teesta river water sharing.
- Connectivity: Strengthen cooperation in coastal, road, rail, and inland waterways connectivity to facilitate easier movement of goods and people between the two countries.
- Energy Security: Collaborate on renewable energy projects, promoting the use of solar, wind, and hydroelectric power to achieve energy self-sufficiency and reduce carbon emissions.
- Friendship Pipeline: Expedite the construction and operation of the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline, ensuring a smooth flow of energy resources.

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Economic Partnership and Countering Influence:

- Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA): Both countries should expedite CEPA negotiations, reducing trade barriers and promoting investment, leading to mutual economic growth.
- Counterbalancing China: Collaborate on development projects and provide financial and technical assistance to strengthen Bangladesh’s infrastructure and economy, countering China’s influence effectively.

Regular Diplomatic Engagements:

- High-level Talks: Organise regular high-level talks between leaders of both nations to discuss progress, address concerns, and reinforce mutual trust.
- Track II Diplomacy: Encourage think tanks, academics, and civil society organisations to engage in dialogues, generating fresh ideas and perspectives for enhancing bilateral cooperation.

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Frequently Asked Questions

West Bengal, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Assam share borders with Bangladesh.

The Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Feni, Mahananda, Torsa, Dharla, and Atrai are important rivers that flow across the India-Bangladesh border.

Cooperation areas include geopolitical significance, security and border management, defence, river water management, bilateral trade, energy sector cooperation, connectivity, and cultural exchange.

Challenges include the Teesta water issue, China's influence, illegal migration and insurgency, the Rohingya crisis, drug smuggling and trafficking, border disputes, and public discontentment.

Both nations can enhance cooperation by focusing on smart border management, digital connectivity, addressing specific bilateral issues, economic partnership, countering influence, and regular diplomatic engagements.

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India Vs Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Comparison

Comparative Geography: The India Vs Bangladesh Border Landscape

Historical Context – India vs Bangladesh: India’s Role in the Emergence of Bangladesh as a Nation

India Vs Bangladesh – Major Challenges in Relation

India Vs Bangladesh – Pathway to Strengthen Cooperation

Frequently Asked Questions

Which Indian states share borders with Bangladesh?

What are some key transboundary rivers between India and Bangladesh?

What are some key areas of cooperation between India and Bangladesh?

What are some major challenges in India-Bangladesh relations?

How can India and Bangladesh strengthen their cooperation?

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