India’s Federal Principles and Cooperative Federalism

India is a land of continental proportions and immense diversities. We have also participated in a common history, especially when we fought for independence. This has led our national leaders to visualize India as a country where there is Unity in Diversity. Sometimes it is described as Unity with Diversity. Despite its size, India has managed diversity through power-sharing arrangements defined in its Constitution. Although not explicitly labeled as a Federation, India is founded on Federal Principles including cooperative federalism.

What Role Did Cooperative Federalism Play in India’s Constitutional Journey?

• Before Independence: Even before Independence, Federal polity existed in India, in which powers were divided between provinces & central government. 
• Aware of Diversity: There was also an awareness that Indian society had Regional and Linguistic diversity. This diversity needed recognition. 
• Decentralization Of Power: People of different regions and languages had to share power, and, in each region, people of that region should govern themselves.
• Constituent Assembly: The Constituent Assembly decided to frame a government that would be based on the principles of unity and cooperation between the Centre and the States and separate powers to the States. 
• Federal Cooperation: The most important feature of cooperative federalism adopted by the Indian Constitution is the principle that relations between the States and the center are based on cooperation. 
  • Thus, while recognising diversity, the Constitution emphasized Unity.
• Constitution of India: It is pertinent to note here that the Constitution of India does not even mention the word Federation. 
  • This is how the Constitution describes India.

How Does Cooperative Federalism Shape the Dynamics of Indian Federalism?

Indian federalism persists mainly through the following 3 dynamics:

• Formation of Linguistic States
• • States established based on language, culture, and geography. 
  • This has enhanced unity and facilitated efficient governance. 
• Diverse Language Policy
  • No national language designated in the Constitution. 
  • Hindi, along with English, is the official language with safeguards for other languages.
  • 22 Scheduled Languages recognised, respecting linguistic diversity and regional demands.
  • Also, states have autonomy over their official languages. 
• Changing Centre-State Relations
  • Historically, a single party had control over the Centre and States. 
  • The transition to regional parties and coalitions started from around 1990. 
  • Promotes power-sharing and respects State autonomy.
  • This led to the emergence of regional parties and coalition politics, which promoted power-sharing & increased state autonomy.
  • Cooperative federalism principles have further been reinforced by Supreme Court decisions limited arbitrary dismissal of State Governments.

Conclusion:

Thus, Democratic politics and shared ideals including cooperative federalism remain the foundation of Indian federalism. The above developments have contributed to Unity amid Diversity and have shaped and enhanced its Federal Structure.

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