Deccani Schools of Painting: Fusion of Cultures in Medieval India

Introduction

The Deccani schools of painting flourished in the Deccan region of India during the medieval period, showcasing a unique blend of indigenous styles with Persian, Mughal, and European influences. These paintings are known for their vibrant colors, intricate details, and rich cultural narratives.

The Origins and Legacy of Deccani Painting Schools

• These developed as distinctive schools of painting in the 16th and 17th centuries in the southern plateau region of India.
• The Ahmednagar School and other Deccani schools had Persian influence. 

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Exploring the Diversity of Indian Painting Schools

Ahmednagar

• The Ahmednagar School of Painting traces its origins to a volume of poems celebrating the reign of Hussain Nizam Shah I of Ahmednagar (1553–1565). 
• This manuscript is known as the ‘Tarif-in-Hussain Shahi’.

Bijapur

• It was patronised by Ali Adil Shah I (1558-80 AD) and his successor, Ibrahim II (1580-1627 AD).
• The encyclopedia known as “Najum-al-ulum” (Stars of Sciences) was illustrated with miniatures in 1570 A.D. in the reign of Ali Adil Shah I. . 
  • Influences from Lepakshi mural paintings are evident in the depiction of female figures.
  • Persian influences are seen in the use of gold colour, flowering plants, and arabesques on the throne.
• Ibrahim II (1580-1627 AD) commissioned Ragamala paintings.

Golconda

• The earliest paintings identified as Golconda work are Group of five charming artworks (dated 1590 AD) during Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1611) of Golconda.
• Another Painting: “Lady with the Myna bird” is a manuscript of a Sufi poem (1605-15 AD) by the artist Muhammad Ali. 

Hyderabad

• It originated with the foundation of the Asaf jahi dynasty by Mir Qamruddin Khan (Chin Qulick Khan) Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1724 AD. It had Mughal influence

Tanjore School

• It emerged after the defeat of the Thanjavur Nayakas by Marathas and the decline of the Vijayanagara empire during the late 18th and 19th centuries. 
• It is recognised as a Geographical Indication (GI) by the Government of India.
• During the 18th century, Maratha rulers greatly supported and patronised this school and it reached its zenith under the patronage of Maharaja Serfoji II of Maratha dynasty.
• Features of Tanjore School 
  • Subjects include birds, animals, buildings, and smiling Krishna in various poses.
  • It lavishly uses gold leaf and Presence of conical crowns.
  • Created on Palagai padam (glass and wood), adorned with gemstones and cut glass, unlike cloth and vellum deviating from North Indian preferences.
  • Important painting: Depiction of coronation of Rama

Mysore Paintings:

• It was sponsored by the rulers of the Mysore province and continued even during the British period.
• Technique: Employing “gesso paste,” a mixture of white lead powder, gambose, and glue, which creates a unique base with a glossy background. 
• Commonality: Both Tanjore and Mysore paintings share a common origin, stemming from Vijayanagara paintings initially and subsequently from Nayaka paintings.

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Conclusion

• The Deccani schools of painting represent a significant artistic tradition that flourished in the Deccan region, reflecting the diverse cultural exchanges and influences prevalent in medieval India. 
  • Their exquisite beauty and historical significance continue to fascinate art enthusiasts, preserving the rich heritage of Indian painting for future generations.